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AN ANALYSIS ON THE INFLUENCE OF MARINE POLLUTION TO SHIPPING OPERATION AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF NIGERIA
Categories
Table of contents
Table of Contents v
List of Tables x
List of Figures xii
Abstract xiv
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 4
1.3 Research Questions 5
1.4 Aim and Objective of the Study 6
1.5 Significance of the Study 6
1.6 Methodology 7
1.6.1 Method of Data Collection 7
1.6.2 Method of Data Analysis 7
1.7 Study Area 8
CHAPTER TWO: Conceptual Framework and Literature Review 10
2.1 Marine Environment Pollution 10
2.2 Sources of Marine Pollution from Ships: 11
2.2.1 Oily-water discharge from ship 12
2.2.2 Tanker Accidents 12
2.2.3 Accidental Spillage during Terminal Loading 13
2.2.4 Wastewater discharged from ships: 13
2.2.5 Garbage and Other Solid waste 13
2.2.6 Ballast-water discharged from ships at ports 14
2.2.7 Marine Machinery Exhaust 14
2.2.8 Anti-fouling Paints 15
2.2.9 Sound Pollution 15
2.3 Effects of Marine Pollution 16
2.3.1 Impact of pollution on marine bio-system: 17
2.3.2 Impact of pollution on Local industries 18
2.3.3 Impact of Marine Pollution on Public health 18
2.4 Literature Review 20
CHAPTER THREE: Data Analysis and Interpretation of Results 22
3.0 Introduction 22
3.1 Demographics characterization of the respondents 23
3.1.1 Gender Distribution of Respondents 23
3.1.2 Age distribution of respondents 24
3.1.3 Marital Distribution of Respondents 25
3.1.4 Educational Qualification of Respondents 26
3.1.5 Working experience distribution of respondents 27
3.2 Source of Marine Pollution in Nigeria 28
3.2.1 Shipping activities as source of pollution in the marine environment 28
3.2.2 Bilge water discharge from ships as source of pollution in the marine
environment 29
3.2.3 Tanker accident as one of the sources of pollution of the Nigerian
waterways from ships 30
3.2.4 Untreated wastewater discharged from ships as source of pollution to
marine environment 31
3.2.5 Garbage disposed into the rivers pollute the marine environment 32
3.2.6 Ecological effect of organisms carried in ballast water 33
3.2.7 Pumps and valves operational errors as causes of oil spillage and pollution
of marine environment 34
3.2.8 Oil spill is the most important source of marine environment pollution 35
3.3 Effect of Marine Pollution to Shipping Operation 36
3.3.1 Pumps and valves operational errors as cause of oil spillage that affect
shipping operation. 36
3.3.2 Garbage disposed into the river affect shipping operation 37
3.3.3 Shipping operation are sometimes disrupt due to marine pollution 38
3.3.4 Dumping of chemicals in sea water affects maritime transportation 39
3.4 Adverse Effect of Marine Pollution on Marine Environment 40
3.4.1 Adverse effects of marine pollution on human health
(development of cancer) 40
3.4.2 Effect of marine pollution on the immune and endocrine system of human 41
3.4.3 Failure of Compliance with IMO regulations have contributed to pollution
of Nigeria waterways. 42
3.4.5 Impairment of water quality and reduction of amenities are as a result of
pollution of the marine environment. 43
3.4.6 Effect of marine pollution on fishing activities 44
3.4.7 Effect of pollution on economy of the host community 45
3.5 Measure put in place by government in reducing marine pollution in
Nigeria 46
3.5.1 Government effort in reducing marine pollution 46
3.5.2 Law guiding the use of marine environment in the study area 47
3.5.3 Awareness of IMO regulations for control and prevention of marine
environmental pollution. 48
3.5.4 Implementation of IMO regulations in Nigeria 49
3.5.5 Can Annex 1 of IMO convention guarantee control of pollution of
oily water discharge. 50
3.6 Way forward for proper monitoring, prevention and control of marine
pollution in Nigeria` 51
3.6.1 Introduction of double bottom tanks from tankers for prevention of
pollution of marine environment 51
3.6.2 Prevention of marine pollution through the treatment of ballast water 52
3.6.3 Availability of functional reception facilities for reception off sewage,
oily water and ballast water. 53
3.6.4 Control of bacteria discharged into water bodies by ship sewage
treatment 54
CHAPTER FOUR: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations 55
4.1 Summary of Finding 55
4.2 Conclusion 57
4.3 Recommendations 57
4.4 Suggestion for Further Studies 58
References 59
Appendix: Questionnaire 62
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
3.1.1 Gender Distribution of Respondents 23
3.1.2 Age distribution of respondents 24
3.1.3 Marital Distribution of Respondents 25
3.1.4 Educational Qualification of Respondents 26
3.1.5 Working experience distribution of respondents 27
3.2.1 Shipping activities as source of pollution in the marine environment 28
3.2.2 Bilge water discharge from ships as source of pollution in the marine
environment 29
3.2.3 Tanker accident as one of the sources of pollution of the Nigerian
waterways from ships 30
3.2.4 Untreated wastewater discharged from ships as source of pollution to
marine environment 31
3.2.5 Garbage disposed into the rivers pollute the marine environment 32
3.2.6 Ecological effect of organisms carried in ballast water 33
3.2.7 Pumps and valves operational errors as causes of oil spillage and pollution
of marine environment 34
3.2.8 Oil spill is the most important source of marine environment pollution 35
3.3.1 Pumps and valves operational errors as cause of oil spillage that affect
shipping operation. 36
3.3.2 Garbage disposed into the river affect shipping operation 37
3.3.3 Shipping operation are sometimes disrupt due to marine pollution 38
3.3.4 Dumping of chemicals in sea water affects maritime transportation 39
3.4.1 Adverse effects of marine pollution on human health
(development of cancer) 40
3.4.2 Effect of marine pollution on the immune and endocrine system of human 41
3.4.3 Failure of Compliance with IMO regulations have contributed to pollution
of Nigeria waterways. 42
3.4.5 Impairment of water quality and reduction of amenities are as a result of
pollution of the marine environment. 43
3.4.6 Effect of marine pollution on fishing activities 44
3.4.7 Effect of pollution on economy of the host community 45
3.5.1 Government effort in reducing marine pollution 46
3.5.2 Law guiding the use of marine environment in the study area 47
3.5.3 Awareness of IMO regulations for control and prevention of marine
environmental pollution. 48
3.5.4 Implementation of IMO regulations in Nigeria 49
3.5.5 Can Annex 1 of IMO convention guarantee control of pollution of
oily water discharge. 50
3.6.1 Introduction of double bottom tanks from tankers for prevention of
pollution of marine environment 51
3.6.2 Prevention of marine pollution through the treatment of ballast water 52
3.6.3 Availability of functional reception facilities for reception off sewage,
oily water and ballast water. 53
3.6.4 Control of bacteria discharged into water bodies by ship sewage
treatment 54
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
3.1.1 Gender Distribution of Respondents 23
3.1.2 Age distribution of respondents 24
3.1.3 Marital Distribution of Respondents 25
3.1.4 Educational Qualification of Respondents 26
3.1.5 Working experience distribution of respondents 27
3.2.1 Shipping activities as source of pollution in the marine environment 28
3.2.2 Bilge water discharge from ships as source of pollution in the marine
environment 29
3.2.3 Tanker accident as one of the sources of pollution of the Nigerian
waterways from ships 30
3.2.4 Untreated wastewater discharged from ships as source of pollution to
marine environment 31
3.2.5 Garbage disposed into the rivers pollute the marine environment 32
3.2.6 Ecological effect of organisms carried in ballast water 33
3.2.7 Pumps and valves operational errors as causes of oil spillage and pollution
of marine environment 34
3.2.8 Oil spill is the most important source of marine environment pollution 35
3.3.1 Pumps and valves operational errors as cause of oil spillage that affect
shipping operation. 36
3.3.2 Garbage disposed into the river affect shipping operation 37
3.3.3 Shipping operation are sometimes disrupt due to marine pollution 38
3.3.4 Dumping of chemicals in sea water affects maritime transportation 39
3.4.1 Adverse effects of marine pollution on human health
(development of cancer) 40
3.4.2 Effect of marine pollution on the immune and endocrine system of human 41
3.4.3 Failure of Compliance with IMO regulations have contributed to pollution
of Nigeria waterways. 42
3.4.5 Impairment of water quality and reduction of amenities are as a result of
pollution of the marine environment. 43
3.4.6 Effect of marine pollution on fishing activities 44
3.4.7 Effect of pollution on economy of the host community 45
3.5.1 Government effort in reducing marine pollution 46
3.5.2 Law guiding the use of marine environment in the study area 47
3.5.3 Awareness of IMO regulations for control and prevention of marine
environmental pollution. 48
3.5.4 Implementation of IMO regulations in Nigeria 49
3.5.5 Can Annex 1 of IMO convention guarantee control of pollution of
oily water discharge. 50
3.6.1 Introduction of double bottom tanks from tankers for prevention of
pollution of marine environment 51
3.6.2 Prevention of marine pollution through the treatment of ballast water 52
3.6.3 Availability of functional reception facilities for reception off sewage,
oily water and ballast water. 53
3.6.4 Control of bacteria discharged into water bodies by ship sewage treatment 54
Abstract
The effects of marine pollution to shipping operation and environment are enormous, ranging from impairment of surface water quality, disruption of aquatic growth, and reduction of amenities, affecting the health of man. This study ciritically analyse the influence of marine pollution to shipping operation and environment of Nigeria. The study focus on the source of marine pollution in Nigeria; effect of marine pollution to shipping operation, the adverse effect of marine pollution on marine environment; measures put in place by government in reducing marine pollution in Nigeria, and also suggest was forward for proper monitoring, prevention and control of marine pollution in Nigeria.
The study adopted a descriptive research method which involve using of primary data to source for information from respondents in Apapa TinCan Island, Lagos. Purposive non-probability sampling method was employed to select fifty (50) respondents that participated in the study. Data generated from the participant through questionnaires were coded and analysed using descriptive statistics of frequency count, simple percentage and charts.
Findings from the study revealed that shipping activities is one of the sources of pollution in marine environment, bilge water discharged from ships pollute the marine environment, tanker accident is one of the sources of pollution of the Nigerian water ways from ship, untreated wastewater discharged from ships are the cause of pollution of the marine environment, garbage disposed into the rivers pollute the marine environment. It was also shown that oil spill is the most important source of marine environment pollution. Results showed that garbage in the river affect shipping operation while shipping operation are sometimes disrupted due to marine pollution. Dumping of chemical in seawater affect maritime transportation. It was revealed that marine pollution had adverse effect on human health and develop cancer, marine pollution affects the immune and endocrine system of human. The findings revealed that impairment of water quality and reduction of amenities are as a result of pollution of the marine environment.
It was concluded that sources of marine pollution from ships included discharge of oily water from bilge, invasive organisms from ballast, accidental discharge of oil from tankers ships and operational discharge, etc. The adverse effects of introducing pollutants into the marine environment have also been established. Control and preventive measures have been established, which include adherence and enforcement of standard operations, as contained in IMO conventions. Among other recommendations is that safety drills should be carried out at regular intervals to make crew accustomed to their responsibilities
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