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BASIC AND NEWLY INTRODUCED METHODS FOR CONTROL AND DESTRUCTION OF MICROORGANISMSIN FOOD
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Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER TWO 4
2.0 Microorganism and Food 4
2.1 Classification of Foods 4
2.1.1 Food categories based on shelf life 4
2.1.2 Food categories based on functions and nutrients 5
2.1.3 Food categories based on extent and purpose of processing 5
2.2 History of Microorganisms in Food 5
2.3 Microorganisms Involved in Food Spoilage 7
2.3.1 Yeasts 7
2.3.2 Molds 8
2.3.3 Bacteria 10
2.4 Scenario of Food Spoilage Worldwide 13
2.5 Spoilage of fruits and vegetables 15
2.6 Spoilage of Diary Products 17
CHAPTER THREE 19
3.0 Advance Methods of Detecting Foodborne Pathogens 19
3.1 Nucleic-Acid-Based Methods 19
3.1.1 Multiplex PCR 29
3.1.2 Quantitative PCR 21
3.1.3 Isothermal Amplification 21
3.1.4 Loop-mediated isothermal amplification 22
3.1.5 Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. 23
3.2 Immunological Methods 23
3.2.1 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 24
3.2.2 Lateral Flow Immunoassay 25
3.2.3 Immuno-magnetic Separation Assay 26
3.3 Biosensor-Based Methods 26
3.3.1 Optical Biosensors 27
3.3.2 Piezoelectric Biosensors 28
3.3.3 Immunosensors 28
3.3.4 Electrochemical Biosensors 29
CHAPTER FOUR 30
4.0 Basic and Novel Methods for Controlling and Inactivating Microorganism on Food 30
4.1 Basic Method 30
4.1.1 Physical processing 30
4.1.1.1 Drying 30
4.1.1.2 Thermal sterilization 31
4.1.1.3 Retorting 31
4.1.1.4 Aseptic packaging 31
4.1.1.5 Freezing 32
4.1.1.6 Chilling 33
4.1.1.7 Irradiation 34
4.1.1.8 High‑pressure food preservation 34
4.1.1.9 Pulsed Electric Field 35
4.1.2 Chemical processes 35
4.1.2.1 Chemical preservatives 36
4.1.3 Biological process: fermentation 36
4.1.3.1 Classification of Fermentation 36
4.2 Novel Methods for Controlling and Preventing Microorganisms in Foods 37
4.2.1 Energy-Based Nonthermal Inactivation Methods 37
4.2.1.1 High-Pressure Processing 37
4.2.1.2 Nonthermal Plasma 38
4.2.1.3 Ultraviolet Light 39
4.2.1.4 Pulsed Light 40
4.2.1.5 Irradiation: Electron Beam, X-Ray, and γ-Ray 41
4.2.2 Oxidizers as Nonthermal Inactivation Methods 41
4.2.2.1 Ozone 42
4.2.2.2 Peroxyacetic Acid (PAA), Hydrogen Peroxide, and Chlorine-Based Disinfectants 42
4.2.2.3 Propylene Oxide 43
4.2.3 Other Novel Inactivation Methods 45
4.2.3.1 Radio-Frequency and Microwave Heating 45
4.2.3.2 Novel Drying Methods 46
4.2.3.3 Microwave Drying 46
4.2.3.4 Vacuum Drying 46
4.2.3.5 Superheated Steam Drying 46
4.2.3.6 Infrared Drying 47
CHAPTER FIVE 48
Conclusion 48
REFERENCES 49
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