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OCCURRENCE AND ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN SALAD VEGETABLES

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Table of contents

 

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                                     1 

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                                1 

1.2       Objective of the Study                                                                                                4 

1.3       Significance of the Study                                                                                           5 

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review                                                                                    6 

2.1       The Opportunistic Pathogen Listeria Monocytogenes                                               

2.2       Occurrence of listeria monocytogenes in vegetables and ready to eat food                   8 

2.3       Illness Caused by Listeria Monocytogenes                                                               

2.4       Vegetable and Vegetable Salad                                                                                  10 

2.5       health-benefiting properties of fruits and vegetables                                                 11 

2.6       Contamination of Vegetables by Listeria Monocytogenes                                        12 

2.6.1    Contamination of Listeria Monocytogenes in the Post-Harvest Environment   13 

2.6.2    Contamination during Produce Distribution                                                              14 

2.6.3    Contamination in the Retail Environment                                                                  14 

2.7       Recent Outbreaks of Listeriosis                                                                                  16 

2.8       Listeria Monocytogenes Sensitivity to Antibiotics                                                    18 

2.9       Isolation and Media used for Listeria Monocytogenes                                              20 

CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Method                                                                          21 

3.1       Sample Collection                                                                                                      21 

3.2       Sterilization and Aseptic Techniques                                                                         21 

3.3       Media and Reagent                                                                                                     22 

3.4       Isolation of Listeria Monocytogenes                                                                          23 

3.4.1    Sample Preparation                                                                                                    23 

3.4.2    Aerobic Plate Count                                                                                                   24 

3.4.3    Total Coliform Count                                                                                                 24 

3.4.4    Selective Enrichment with Isolation                                                                          24 

3.5       Identification of Listeria Monocytogenes Isolates                                                     25 

3.5.1    Morphological Characteristics                                                                                   25 

3.5.2    Microscopic Examination                                                                                          25 

3.5.3    Biochemical Tests                                                                                                      26 

3.6       Antibiotic Susceptibility                                                                                             28 

3.7       Statistical Analysis                                                                                                     29 

CHAPTER FOUR: Results                                                                                                    30 

4.1       Total Aerobic Plate Count                                                                                          30 

4.2       Total Coliform Count                                                                                                 30 

4.3       Total Listeria spp. Count                                                                                            30 

4.4       Identification Of Isolates                                                                                            34 

4.5       Occurrence of Listeria Monocytogenes                                                                     37 

4.6       Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern                                                                               43 

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                                                    46 

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   46 

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  52 

References                                                                                                                              53 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table              Title                                                                                                    Pages 

4.1       Total aerobic plate count of salad vegetable vsamples on nutrient agar                31 

4.2       Total coliform count of salad vegetables samples on macconkey agar plate             32 

4.3       Total listeria spp. Count of salad vegetables samples                                               33 

4.4       morphology characteristics of listeria Monocytogenes isolated from salad 

vegetables samples on  Brilliance listeria agar                                                          35 

4.5       Biochemical properties of listeria species isolated from salad vegetable 

samples                                                                                                                       36 

4.6       Prevalence of listeria monocytogenes isolated from salad vegetable 

Samples                                                                                                                      38 

4.6       Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of listeria species Isolated from salad 

vegetables                                                                                                                   44 

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figures                       Title                                                                                        Pages 

 4:1      Comparison between Listeria spp and listeria moncytogenes isolates 

in vegetables                                                                                                   39 

4.2       Percentage of Listeria monocytogenes in Carrot                                           40 

4.3       Percentage of Listeria monocytogenes in Carrot                                           41 

4.4       Percentage of Listeria monocytogenes in Cabbage                                       42 

4.5       Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Listeria species isolated from salad 

vegetables                                                                                                       45 

Abstract

 

The occurrence and antibiotic resistant patterns of Listeria monocytogenes in salad vegetables collected from open markets in Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State was investigated using standard microbiological standards. Twenty five (25) samples were samples of salad vegetable which included 10 cucumber, 9 carrot and 6 cabbage was purchased from different locations. The total aerobic plate count, coliform count and listeria spp. count of the samples were done by spread plate method on Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and Brilliance Listeria Agar respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility of isolatds Listeria spp. to  antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar. 

The mean aerobic plate count obtained from the samples was 5.25 x 105 cfu/g and ranged from 3.4 x 105 cfu/g to 1.2 x 106 cfu/g. Also, mean total coliform count obtained from the samples was 5.72 and ranged from 3.0 x  105 cfu/g to 1.83 x 106 cfu/g. The mean count for total Listeria spp. was 6.57 and ranged from 3.0 x 101 cfu/g to 10.1 x 101 cfu/g.  

A total of twenty two (22) Listeria spp. were recovered from the salad vegetables sampled. Listeria spp. Fourteen n=14 (6.3.6%) were positive for Listeria monocytogenes out of which eight n=8 (36.4%) were positive for Listeria spp. Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes was significantly higher in cabbage (57.8%) than in cucumber 4(57.2%) while the percentage of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from carrots was 3(50%). A significant higher percentage was isolated in cabbage 7(57.8%) while 4(57.2%) was isolated in Cucumber. In the study, Listeria monocytogenes were highly susceptible to Gentamycin 20 (90.9%), Ampicillin 11(50%), Vancomycin 8(40%) and Amoxicillin 5 (22.7%). All of the Listeria monocytogenes were resistance to Oaxacillin 22(100%) and Trimethoprim 22(100%), followed by Amoxicillin 16(72.7%) and Vacomycin 12(54.5%). Resistance to Ampicillin was encountered in 7 (31.8%). 

The study therefore shows that L. monocytogenes occur in salad vegetables sold in Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria, therefore, adequate precaution should be taken in preparing these vegetables for both human and animal consumption. Also, the antimicrobial resistance pattern shown by the isolates is an indication that adequate measure need be taken to regulate drug use in both humans and animals in order to minimize the risk of increasing antimicrobial resistance. 



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