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ANTIGENIC VARIATION IN BACTERIA

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CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                        1

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                    1

CHAPTER TWO                                                                                                        4

2.1       Antigenic Variation                                                                                        4

2.2       Surface Variation                                                                                            5

2.3       Gene Families and Variant Phenotypes                                                          6

2.4       Antigen Expression and Its Complication of Phase Variation                       7

2.5       Mechanisms of Phase Variation                                                                      9

2.5.1    Transcriptional control                                                                                    9

2.5.2    Gene replacement                                                                                           10

2.5.3    Segmental gene conversion                                                                             12

2.5.4    Promoter rearrangement                                                                                  13

CHAPTER THREE                                                                                                    15

3.1       Antigen Variation in Neisseria spp.                                                                15

3.2       Antigenic Variation in Borrelia spp.                                                               17

3.3       Antigenic Variation Streptococcus spp.                                                          19

3.4       Antigenic Variation in Mycoplasma hominis                                                  20

3.5       Antigenic Variation in Treponema pallidum                                                  22

CHAPTER FOUR                                                                                                      24

4.1       Determinants of Antigenicity and Specificity in Immune 

            Response for Protein Sequences                                                                     24

4.2       General Features of Innate and Adaptive Immunity                                      25

4.3       Antigen Recognition by T Lymphocytes                                                        27

4.3.1    Class I MHC molecules                                                                                  28

4.3.2    Class II MHC molecules                                                                                 31

4.3.3    HLA-independent presentation of antigen                                                     35

CHAPTER FIVE: Conclusion                                                                                   37

References                                                                                                                  385

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