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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ENDOPHYTES IN Phyllanthus amarus
Categories
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 4
1.3 Justification of the Study 5
1.4 Aim of the Study 5
1.5 Objectives of the Study 5
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review 6
2.1 Description and Benefits of Phyllanthus amarus 6
2.1.1 Phytochemical constituents 7
2.1.3 Pharmacological studies 9
2.2 Endophytes Microbes 11
2.2.1 Bacterial Endophytes 12
2.2.2 Fungi Endophytes 15
2.2.3 Relationship between plant and endophyte 17
CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods 19
3.1 Collection and Identification of Samples 19
3.2 Materials and Apparatus 19
3.3 Media Preparation 19
3.4 Preparation of Phyllanthus amarus leaves 20
3.5 Morphological Characterization 24
3.6 Biochemical Test 21
3.6.1 Catalase Test 21
3.6.2 Citrate Utilization Test 21
3.6.3 Oxidase test 21
3.6.4 Coagulase test 21
3.7 Identification of endophytic fungi 22
3.8 Tested Organisms 22
3.8. Examination of Antimicrobial Activities 22
3.8.1 Agar Diffusion Assay 22
CHAPTER FOUR: Results 24
CHAPTER FIVE 32
5.1 Discussion 32
5.2 Conclusion 35
References 37
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Pages
1 Frequency and Percentage of Endophytic microorganisms (bacteria and
fungi) in Phyllanthus amarus Leaves. 27
2 Morphological Characteristics of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from
Phyllanthus amarus Leaves 28
3 Morphological Characteristics of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from
Phyllanthus amarus Leaves 29
4 Biochemical Characteristics of the Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from
Phyllanthus amarus Leaves 30
5 Zone of Inhibition of Endophytic microorganism (bacteria and fungi) isolated
from Phyllanthus amarus Leaves on tests organisms 31
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Title Page
2.1 Phyllanthus amarus 7
4.1 Percentage of Antagonistic Activities of Endophytic bacteria and Fungi
on Phyllanthus amarus on tests organisms. 32
Abstract
Endophytes are microorganisms that live inside the host plant tissues which have novel metabolites exhibiting a variety of biological activities against different pathogens. This study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial properties of endophytes of Phyllanthus amarus on selected pathogenic bacteria. Seventeen (17) endophytic bacteria and fungi were isolated from the leave of Phyllanthus amarus. The isolated endophytic bacteria were Pseudomonas spp. (n=3), Staphylococcus aereus (n=3), Klebsiella spp. (n=3) and Bacillus spp. (n=2).The isolated endophictic fungi were Aspergillus niger (n=1), Penicillum roqueforti (n-1), Fusarium oxysporus (n=1), Aspergillus flavus (n=1), Aspergillus fumigatus (n=1) and Aspergillus clavatus (n=1). Bacillus sp. exhibited higher activity against the tests organisms (100%), followed by Fusarium oxysporum (60%), Apsergillus clavatus (60%), Aspergillus niger (60%), Aspergillus fumigatus (40%), Staphylococcus aureus (40%) and Pseudomonas sp. (40%), Penicillum roqueforti (40%) and Klebsiella spp. (20%). Studying the endophytic population is something important due to it biotechnological application, because it has great potential against resistant pathogens.
Keywords: Phyllanthus amarus, Antimicrobial, Endophytes, Pathogenic bacteria
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