CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1       General Statement

1.2       Aims and Objectives

1.3       Scope of Study

1.4       Location and Accessibility of the study area

1.5       Physiography

1.6       Previous Work Done

CHAPTER TWO

2.1       General Geology

2.1.1    The Migmatite – Gneiss Complex (MGC)

2.1.2    The Schist Belt (Metasedimentary and Metavolcanic Rocks)

2.1.3    The Older Granites (Pan African Granitoids)

2.1.4    Charnockites

2.1.5    The Younger Granites

2.1.6    The Tertiary-Recent Volcanics

2.2       Evolution and Geochronology

2.3       Geology of the Study Area

CHAPTER THREE

 3.0      Methodology

3.1      Field method

3.1.1    Site selection

3.1.2    Sample collection

3.1.3    Sample Containers

3.1.4    Sample Labelling

3.1.5    Sample Preservation

3.2       Laboratory Method

3.3       Cations

3.4       Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

3.5       Anions

3.6       Definition of Terms

3.6.1.   pH

3.6.2.   Conductivity

3.6.3.   Total Dissolved Solids.

3.6.4.   Correlation analysis

3.6.5.   Contamination factor

3.6.6    Contamination degree

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Result and Discussion

4.2       Interpretation of physical parameters

4.2.1    Temperature

4.2.2    pH concentration.

4.2.3    TDS

4.2.4    Electrical Conductivity (E.C)

4.3       Interpretation of Chemical Parameters (Cations)

4.3.1.   Calcium (Ca2+)

4.3.2    Magnesium (Mg2+)

4.3.3    Iron (Fe3+)

4.3.4    Sodium (Na+)

4.3.5    Potassium (K+)

4.4       Interpretation of Chemical Parameters (Anions) 

4.4.1    PO43-

4.4.2    NO3-

4.4.3    SO42-

4.4.4    F-

4.4.5    Cl-

4.4.5    HCO3-

4.5       Bar Chart representation of the concentration of the parameters in comparison with                       

            WHO standards

 4.5.1   Temperature

4.5.2    pH

4.5.3    TDS

4.5.4    Conductivity

4.5.5    Ca

4.5.6    Mg

4.5.7   Fe

4.5.8    Na

4.5.10 PO43-

4.5.11 NO3-

4.5.12 SO42-

4.5.13  F-

4.5.14 Cl-

4.5.15 HCO3-

4.6       Geochemical maps showing spatial distribution of parameters in all the locations

4.6.1    Temperature

4.6.2    pH

4.6.3    TDS

4.6.4    Conductivity.

4.6.5    Ca

4.6.6   Mg

4.6.7   Fe

4.6.8    PO43-

4.6.9    NO3-

4.6.10 SO42-

4.6.11 Cl-

4.6.12 HCO3-

4.7       Piper’s diagram

4.8       Stiff diagram

4.9.      Scholler diagram

4.10     Ion Balancing.

4.11     Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)

4.12     Residual Sodium Bicarbonate

4.12     Contamination Factor

4.13     Contamination Degree

4.14     Pollution Index

4.15     Geo-Accumulation Index

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1       Summary

5.3       Recommendation

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.0:        Sample collection study area

Table 3.0:        Sample Preservation and Holding Time Chart.

Table 3.1:        Typical conductivity of waters

Table 3.2:        Total dissolved solids values of water.

Table 3.3:        Descriptive classes of contamination factor (Hakanson, 1980)

Table 3.4:        Descriptive classes of contamination degree.

 |  | Temp. = temperature, Cond. = Conductivity, T.D.S. = total dissolved solids.   Table: 4.1:       Concentration of parameters and ions present in groundwater samples.

Table 4.2:        Descriptive Statistical Analysis of data

 Table 4.3a:     Correlation Analysis table.

Table 4.3b:      The Classification Of Pearson Correlation Value For The Analysed Metals.

Table 4.12:      Table showing ions used for plotting the Piper’s diagram 

Table 4.13:      Table showing data values for plotting Spiff diagram.

Table 4.14:      Table showing the calculation of ion balancing in each location 

Table 4.15:      Table showing SAR of the study area 

Table 4.16:      Hökanson, 1980 classification of Contamination Factor.

Table 4.17:      The Contamination Factor of the study area.

Table 4.18:      Contamination Degree (CDeg)  Classification Hakanson 1980.

Table 4.19:      The Contamination Degree of the Study area.

Table 4.20:      Different classes of Pollution Index.

Table 4.21:      The pollution Index Classification of the Metals analyzed.

Table 4.22:      The seven classes of geo-accumulation index (Igeo) by Muller (1981)

Table 4.23:      The Geo-Accumulation Index of the Study area.

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1.2: Map showing the physiography of the study area.

Fig. 2.1:- Geological sketch map of Nigeria showing the major geological components; 

Basement, Younger Granites, and Sedimentary Basins.

Fig.3.0:- Generalized geological map of Nigeria within the framework of the geology of West-

Africa (Adapted from Wright, 1985)

Fig. 4.0:- Basement Geology of Nigeria: The Migmatite-Gneiss Complex (mgn), the Schist Belts 

(sb) and the Older Granites (og) (Modified from Wright, 1985).

Fig:-5.0 Schist belt localities within the context of the Geology of Nigeria.

Fig 6.0:- Major Younger Granite’s localities in Nigeria.

Fig 4.1: Bar chart representation of Temperature Values.

Fig. 4.2: - Bar chart representation of pH values.

Fig 4.3:- Bar chart representation of T.D.S values

Fig 4.4:-Bar chart representation of E.C Values

Fig 4.5:- Bar chart representation of the concentration of Ca.

Fig 4.6: - Bar chart representation of the concentration of Mg.

Fig. 4.7: Bar chart representation of Fe.

Fig 4.10:- Bar chart representation of the concentration of PO4.

Fig 4.11:- Bar chart representation of the concentration of NO3.

Fig 4.12:- Bar chart representation of the concentration of SO4.

Fig 4.13:- Bar chart representation of the concentration of F.

Fig. 4.14:- Bar chart representation of the concentration of Cl.

Fig 4.15:- Bar chart representation of the concentration of HCO3

Fig 4.16:- 2D and 3D Map of Temperature Values

Fig 4.18:- 2D and 3D Map of T.D.S.

Fig 4.19:-2D and 3D Maps of E.C Value.

Fig 4.20:-2D and 3D concentration Map of Ca.

Fig 4.21:-2D and 3D concentration Map of Mg.

Fig 4.22:-2D and 3D concentration Map of Fe.

Fig 4.23:-2D and 3D concentration Map of PO4.

Fig 4.24:-2D and 3D concentration Map of NO3

Fig 4.25:-2D and 3D concentration Map of SO4.

Fig 4.26:-2D and 3D concentration Map of Cl.

Fig 4.27:-2D and 3D concentration Map of HCO3.

Fig.4.28: Piper’s diagram of the study area showing relationship between the ions.

Fig. 4.29: Stiff diagram of location 1-4.

Fig. 4.30: Stiff diagram of location 5-8.

Fig. 4.31:  Stiff diagram of location 9-13.

Fig. 4.32: Stiff diagram of location 14-19.

Fig. 4.33: Stiff diagram of location 20-25.

Fig. 4.34: Stiff diagram of location 26-29.

Fig. 4.35: Stiff diagram of location 30-34.

Fig. 4.36: Scholler diagram of the study area 

Fig 4.37:-Bar chart representation of the Contamination Factor.

Fig 4.38:-The Bar chart representation of Pollution Index of the analyzed ions 

Variation of groundwater quality in any area is a function of its physical and chemical parameters, which are greatly influenced by geological formations and anthropogenic conditions. This research work is, therefore, aimed at assessing the groundwater quality in Akinyele, Afijio, Ido and Lagelu Provinces of Southwestern Nigeria.

A total of one hundred and two (102) water samples were collected from the study area, which lies between Longitude 7030Ꞌ00ꞋꞋ- 8000Ꞌ00ꞋꞋ and Latitude 3040’00”-4010’00” within the basement complex of Nigeria and they were sent for laboratory analysis at the Redeemer laboratory, Ede, Osun state using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) geochemical method.

The statistical analysis of groundwater parameter ranges from (26.70-32.40C)0C for Temperature, (24.00-715.00mg/l conductivity), (30.00-750.00mg/l TDS); (5.50-8.50 pH);  (8.00-92.80mg/l Ca); (1.20-57.60mg/l Mg); (1.07-33.69mg/l K); (0.57-17.22mg/l Na), (0.00-75.00)mg/l SO4; (0.80-286.40mg/l HCO3); (3.00-122.00 mg/l Cl);  (0.04-297.40 mg/l NO3); (0.01-2.97 mg/l Fe); (0.02-2.18 mg/l F) and (0.04-1.07 mg/l PO4) signifying a good portable water. Strong and positive correlation exist between the chemical parameters that range from ‘r’ = 0.67-0.80 signifying a strong geochemical environment. Stiff diagram shows dominant Ca, Mg and -HCO3 and can be classified as Normal – Earth Alkaline water. Also, Piper diagram indicate high Ca, Mg and SO4 indicating a Normal – Earth Alkaline water. Calculation of ion balancing shows that only 20 (58.8%) of the locations passed the test, signifying that the other 14 locations have excess positive ions, Ca and Mg, contributed from geogenic and anthropogenic inputs. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) range from (0.22- 2.91) in all the locations which fall within SAR guideline (<3) indicating suitability for irrigation. Residual Sodium Bicarbonate, RSC were above the guideline limit (2.5 meq/l) in 27 locations at (3.6- 210.4 meq/l) indicating high HCO3 value which reacts with Ca and Mg to raise hardness of the water.

 The geochemical map revealed low pH values at the NW and SE regions suggesting an acidic environment while high concentration for TDS, Ca and Mg was observed at the NE and SE area indicating high total hardness of the water. This might have been derived from weathered metamorphic minerals and feldspars in the metamorphic rocks of the study area. 

Ca, Mg, HCO3, and SO4 were the most significant chemical contaminants in the groundwater that was investigated. It is therefore recommended that further research be carried out on trace metals in the groundwater of the study area.