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BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF HOUSEHOLD TAPWATER

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Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction                                                                                        1

1.1       Background to the Study                                                                    1

1.2       Waterborne Disease due to Contamination of the 

            Distribution System                                                                            3

1.3       Justification                                                                                        6

1.4       General Objective                                                                               7

1.5       Specific Objectives                                                                             7

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Microorganisms in the Distribution System                                       8 

2.1       Microorganisms entering distribution systems by surviving the 

treatment processes                                                                             9 

2.2       Growth of microorganisms in the distribution system                                10

2.3       The fate of pathogens gaining access to distribution systems            14

2.4       Controlling microorganisms in distribution systems                                    18

2.5       Traditional Approaches to Microbial Monitoring in 

            Distribution Systems                                                                          19

2.5.1    Regulations and guidelines for microbiological parameters                       19

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                               20

3.1       Collection of Water Samples                                                         20

3.1.1    House tap water                                                                              20

3.2       Bacteriological Quality Determination                                          20

3.2.1    Total Bacterial Count                                                                    20

3.2.3    Most probable number test                                                            26

3.2.3.1 Presumptive test                                                                             26

3.2.3.2 Confirmed test                                                                                27

3.2.3.3 Completed test (Fecal coliform test)                                              27

3.4       Biochemical Tests                                                                          28

3.4.1    Gram’s Staining Reaction                                                              28

3.4.2    Catalase Test                                                                                   29

3.4.3    Oxidase Test                                                                                   29

3.4.4    Indole Test                                                                                      29

3.4.5    Urease Test                                                                                     30

3.4.6    Sugar Fermentation Test                                                                30

3.4.7    Citrate Utilization Test                                                                   31

3.4.8    Motility Test                                                                                   32

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Results                                                                                             33

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion and Conclusion                                                            36

Abstract

This work aims at determining the bacteriological qualities of household tap water in Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria in respect to total viable counts, total coliform counts, faecal coliform counts and Salmonella counts. Bacteriological quality of twenty household tap water samples was determined in respect to total viable counts, total coliform counts, faecal coliform counts and presence or absence of Salmonella sp. Most probable number technique was used to determine the coliform counts according standard procedures. Biochemical characteristics of isolates were determined according to standard methods. Bacterial genera identified were Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp, Aerobacter aerogenes, Proteus sp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus aureus had the highest percentage frequency while Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the least. E. coli had percentage occurrence of 16.7%; Enterococcus sp had 13.33%, Klebsiella sp 10%, Aerobacter aerogenes 10% and Proteus sp 6.67%.  It was concluded from this study that some household tap water in Ago-Iwoye are not safe and wholesome for human consumption. The results, thus, suggested thorough treatment of household water supplies in order to make it potable, from bacteriological point of view.

Keywords: bacteria, tap water, public health, household

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