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BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF HOUSEHOLD TAPWATER
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Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Waterborne Disease due to Contamination of the
Distribution System 3
1.3 Justification 6
1.4 General Objective 7
1.5 Specific Objectives 7
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Microorganisms in the Distribution System 8
2.1 Microorganisms entering distribution systems by surviving the
treatment processes 9
2.2 Growth of microorganisms in the distribution system 10
2.3 The fate of pathogens gaining access to distribution systems 14
2.4 Controlling microorganisms in distribution systems 18
2.5 Traditional Approaches to Microbial Monitoring in
Distribution Systems 19
2.5.1 Regulations and guidelines for microbiological parameters 19
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS 20
3.1 Collection of Water Samples 20
3.1.1 House tap water 20
3.2 Bacteriological Quality Determination 20
3.2.1 Total Bacterial Count 20
3.2.3 Most probable number test 26
3.2.3.1 Presumptive test 26
3.2.3.2 Confirmed test 27
3.2.3.3 Completed test (Fecal coliform test) 27
3.4 Biochemical Tests 28
3.4.1 Gram’s Staining Reaction 28
3.4.2 Catalase Test 29
3.4.3 Oxidase Test 29
3.4.4 Indole Test 29
3.4.5 Urease Test 30
3.4.6 Sugar Fermentation Test 30
3.4.7 Citrate Utilization Test 31
3.4.8 Motility Test 32
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 33
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion and Conclusion 36
Abstract
This work aims at determining the bacteriological qualities of household tap water in Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria in respect to total viable counts, total coliform counts, faecal coliform counts and Salmonella counts. Bacteriological quality of twenty household tap water samples was determined in respect to total viable counts, total coliform counts, faecal coliform counts and presence or absence of Salmonella sp. Most probable number technique was used to determine the coliform counts according standard procedures. Biochemical characteristics of isolates were determined according to standard methods. Bacterial genera identified were Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp, Aerobacter aerogenes, Proteus sp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus aureus had the highest percentage frequency while Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the least. E. coli had percentage occurrence of 16.7%; Enterococcus sp had 13.33%, Klebsiella sp 10%, Aerobacter aerogenes 10% and Proteus sp 6.67%. It was concluded from this study that some household tap water in Ago-Iwoye are not safe and wholesome for human consumption. The results, thus, suggested thorough treatment of household water supplies in order to make it potable, from bacteriological point of view.
Keywords: bacteria, tap water, public health, household
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