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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTED OIL FROM GROUNDNUT SEEDS
Categories
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background to the study 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Study 4
1.3 Justification of the Study 4
1.4 Scope of the Study 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Groundnut Seed (Peanut) 6
2.2 Types of Groundnut Seed 9
2.2.1 Major Species of Groundnut Seeds 10
2.3 Adaptation (Climate Condition, Where it is predominantly found) 13
2.4 Diseases of Groundnut Seed 14
2.4.1 Seed and seedling diseases 14
2.4.1.1 Collar rot (Aspergillus niger) 14
2.4.1.2 Stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) 14
2.4.1.3 Dry root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) 15
2.4.1.4 Aflaroot/yellow mold (Aspergillus flavus) 15
2.4.2 Foliar fungal diseases 16
2.4.2.1 Early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) 16
2.4.2.2 Late leaf spot (Phaeoisariopsis personata) 16
2.4.2.3 Rust (Puccinia arachidis) 17
2.4.3 Virus diseases 17
2.4.3.1 Groundnut bud necrosis (Groundnut bud necrosis tospovirus) 17
2.4.3.2 Groundnut Stem Necrosis (Tobacco streak ilarvirus) 18
2.4.4 Nematode diseases 19
2.4.4.1 Root knot (Meloidogyne arenaria, M. hapla and M. javanica) 19
2.4.4.2 Kalahasti malady (Tylenchorhynchus brevelineatus) 19
2.5 Extraction 20
2.6 Method of Oil Extraction 21
2.6.1 Mechanical Extraction 22
2.6.2 Solvent Extraction 23
2.6.3 Old Traditional Methods 25
2.6.4 Conventional Methods 26
2.7 Groundnut Oil Extraction 26
2.7.1 Factors Affecting Rate of Oil Extraction 28
2.8 Characteristic of Oils 28
2.8.1 Acid value 28
2.8.2 Peroxide value 29
2.8.3 Iodine value 30
2.8.4 Polar components 30
2.8.5 Fatty acid composition 31
2.8.6 Polymer content 32
2.8.7 Colour 32
2.8.8 Refractive index 33
2.8.9 Viscosity 33
2.9 Characteristics of Peanut Oil 34
2.9.1 Refined Peanut Oil 34
2.9.2 Gourmet Peanut Oil 34
2.9.3 100% Peanut Oil 35
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 36
3.1 Preparation of Seed 36
3.2 Extraction and Distillation 36
3.3 Uses of Soxhlet Extractor 36
3.4 Distillation 37
3.5 Viscosity Determination 38
3.6 Solidification Point 39
3.7 Melting Point 39
3.8 Determination of Moisture Content 39
3.9 Determination of Chemical Properties 40
3.9.1 Determination of Total ash 40
3.9.2 Determination of crude Fat 41
3.9.3 Determination of crude Protein 41
3.9.4 Determination of Crude fibre 42
3.9.5 Determination of Carbohydrate content and Calories per 100gms 43
3.9.6 Determination of Acid Value 43
3.9.7 Saponification Value 44
3.9.8 Peroxide Value 44
3.9.9 Iodine Value 45
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 47
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 53
5.1 Conclusion 53
5.2 Recommendations 54
References 55
Appendices 66
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Title Pages
1 Kwanwaso groundnut seeds 11
2 Solar groundnut seeds 11
3 Boro groundnut seeds 12
4 Kampala groundnut seeds 12
Abstract
Groundnut is a legume which is widely grown for oil extraction and also for food product. However, due to different processing methods which affect it proximate composition, this study was embark upon to compare yield obtainable from oil extracted from different groundnuts (kwanwaso, solar, boro and kampala groundnut seeds) using different solvent. The study specifically review the various methods of groundnut oil extraction; compare the physicochemical properties of oil extracted from groundnut seeds and; compare the yield obtained of oil extracted from groundnut using different solvent from various studies.
Several publications which include but not limited to journals, articles, textbooks, internet materials were used to carry out this research. Various methods of extraction of groundnut oil and characteristics of groundnut oil and was discussed. Furthermore, the methods of extraction using solvent was highlighted. Some of this method included preparation of seeds, extraction and distillation, viscosity determination, solidification point, melting point, determination of moisture content and chemical properties determination.
Findings from this study revealed that methods of extracting groundnut oil have an effect on the quality of oil such as saponification value, moisture content and free fatty acid. It was revealed that groundnut oil is high quality edible oil with its low free fatty acid value and low free fatty acid (FFA) value is advantageous in term of storage stability and indicates that the oil is edible and can stay for long time without getting rancid. Also, low peroxide value (PV) observed in most of the studies reviewed showed that groundnut oil is fresh and can be preserved for long time. However, the results of most of these study indicate a significant decrease in carotenoid and total tocopherol contents at the end of chemical refining process. It was found that most of the study did not specifically discuss the best methods for processing groundnut oil but the quality of oil derived from each method dependents on the proximate parameters.
This study concluded that crude groundnut oil contained higher level of all the physicochemical properties than the refined oils. Thus suggesting that crude groundnut oil may be more liable to be rancidity compared to refined oil. Also, groundnut with highest oil yield may not be good for storage while those with lowest oil yield, have high storage ability. Hence, it is recommended that groundnut seeds used for oil should not be store for too long to avoid depletion of nutrients and exposure to microbial invasion.
Keywords: Groundnut seed, groundnut oil, solvent extraction, physicochemical properties, proximate analysis.
Word count: 403
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