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EFFECT OF HARUNGANA MADAGASCARIENSIS AGAINST SELECTED FOODBORNE FUNGI
Categories
Table of contents
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE i
ABSTRACT ii
CERTIFICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
DEDICATION v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
CHAPTER ONE 1
Introduction 1
1.2 Aims and Objectives 5
CHAPTER TWO 6
Literature review
2.1 Harungana madagascariensis 6
2.1.1 Species Identity 6
2.1.1.1Taxonomy 6
2.1.1.2 Common Names 6
2.1.1.3 Botanic Description 6
2.1.2 Ecology and Distribution 7
2.1.2.1 Natural Habitat 7
2.1.2.2 Geographical Distribution 7
2.1.2.3 Reproductive Biology 7
2.1.3 Functional Uses 7
2.2 Food as a Substance 9
2.3 Spoilage of Food 9
2.3.1 Causes of Food Spoilage 9
2.3.2 Effects/ Consequences of Food Spoilage 12
2.4 Foodborne Illness 12
2.5 Foodborne Fungi 13
2.5.1 Macroscopic Characteristics of Foodborne Fungi 14
2.5.2 Physiological Characteristics of Foodborne Fungi 14
2.6 Fungal Enzymatic Activity on Foods 15
2.7 Mycotoxin Production in Foods 15
2.8 Fungi Responsible For Spoilage in Foods 17
CHAPTER THREE 20
Materials and Methods 20
3.1 Collection of Plant Materials 20
3.2 Fungal Organisms 20
3.3 Preparation of Plant Extracts 20
3.3.1 Ethanol Extract 20
3.3.2 Chloroform Extract 21
3.3.3 Water Extract 21
3.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility 21
3.5 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 22
CHAPTER FOUR
Results 23
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion and Conclusion 34
REFERENCES 37
APPENDIX 48
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The Average Result of the Extracts at 50mg/ml Concentration 25
Table 2: The Average Result of the Extracts at 100mg/ml Concentration 27
Table 3: The Average Result of the Extracts at 150mg/ml Concentration 28
Table 4: The Average Result of the Extracts at 200mg/ml Concentration after 29
Table 5: Antifungal Activity of Different Extracts of Harungana madagascariensis on
Foodborne Isolates 31
Table 6: Antifungal Activity (%) of Different Extracts of Harungana madagascariensis on
Foodborne Isolates 33
Table 7: Antifungal Activity of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Harungana madagascariensis on
Foodborne Fungi. 48
Table 8: Antifungal Activity of ChloroformLeaf Extract of Harungana madagascariensis on Foodborne Fungi. 49
Table 9: Antifungal Activity of Distilled Water Leaf Extract of Harungana madagascariensis on Foodborne Fungi. 50
Table 10: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) result of Harungana. madagascariensis
Leaf Extract on Foodborne Fungi. 52
Abstract
Food safety and security are important issues globally. Consequently, search for biological and biochemical control of such microorganisms is on the increase. In this report, the chloroform, ethanol and water extracts of the leaves of Harungana madagascariensis were investigated for antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer (bread), Aspergillus niger (tomato), Penicillium oxalicum (cereals), Trichoderma spp. (maize), and Aspergillus versicolor (meat). The antifungal assay was carried out using standard procedures. The ethanol leaf extract was the most competent of the extraction solvents because it produced the highest zone of inhibition on the test organisms at different concentrations, moderate activity was exhibited by water extract while chloroform extract exhibited the least activity against the test organisms after 96hrs. Rhizopus stolonifer registered the highest diameter of zones of inhibition (72mm, >75%) of all the extracts used and therefore was very sensitive to the active components of the plant’s leaf extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration value of the extracts on the organisms ranged between 100mg/ml-150mg/ml for Trichoderma spp, R. stolonifer, P. oxalicum, A. versicolor and A. niger. The significant activity exhibited by H. madagascariensis leaf extract against R. stolonifer indicates a possible treatment for stomach cramps and inability to interfere with the medication given to immunosuppressed individual. Also, the plant extract can be used as preservatives due to the fact that it was found to possess antimicrobial activity against the test organisms often implicated in the spoilage of foods and foodborne illnesses. This is in line with the local use of the leaves of H. madagascariensis as anti-haemorrhagic agent and synthetic antibiotics.
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