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EXTRACTION OF CELLULOSE FROM AFRICAN STAR APPLE (Chrysophyllum Albidum) SHELL

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                                    1

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.2       Aim and Objectives                                                                                                    2

1.2.1    Objectives of the Study                                                                                              2

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                    3

2.1       Cellulose                                                                                                                     3

2.1.1    Physical Properties of Cellulose                                                                                  4

2.1.2    Chemical properties of cellulose                                                                                 4

2.1.3    Structure and reactivity of cellulose                                                                           5

2.1.4    Cellulose molecule at the molecular level                                                                   6

2.1.5    Isolation of Cellulose                                                                                                  7

2.1.6    Hydrolysis of Cellulose                                                                                              7

2.2       Cellulose derivatives                                                                                                   9

2.2.1    Cellulose acetate                                                                                                         10

2.2.2    Cellulose nitrate                                                                                                          10

2.2.3    Cellulose ethers                                                                                                           11

2.3       Acetylation of cellulose                                                                                              11

2.4       African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum)                                                            13

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                        14

3.1       Materials                                                                                                                     14

3.2       Reagent                                                                                                                       14

3.3       Methods                                                                                                                      14

3.4       Procedure                                                                                                                    14

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS                                                                                              15

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION                                                   18

5.1       Summary                                                                                                                     18

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  18

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                                        18

References                                                                                                                              19

Abstract

Cellulose have been obtained from the African Star Apple. The aim of this study was to isolate cellulose from African Star Apple. It further determine the yield percentage and convert cellulose to their derivatives, and analyse cellulose and cellulose derivatives.

            The cellulose was isolated by alkaline hydrolysis and delignification process. It was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), SEM, percentage yield, proximate analysis and X-ray diffraction techniques.

            The structural and spectroscopic changes in cellulose acetates observed by the XRD and FTIR revealed different mechanisms of acetylation.

            It was concluded that natural and pure cellulose can be gotten from Hura crepitans. It is recommended that further studies should continue to focus on extraction of cellulose from plant.

Keywords: African Star Apple, FTIR, SEM, XRD, Cellulose 

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