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FUNGAL TOXINS AND THEIR MODE OF ACTIONS
Categories
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 Introduction 1
CHAPTER TWO 3
2.1 Understanding Fungal Toxins and their Classifications 3
2.1.1 Aflatoxins 3
2.1.2 Deoxynivalenol (DON) 4
2.1.3 Zearalenone 4
2.1.4 Fumonisins 4
2.1.5 Deoxynivalenol 5
2.1.6 Ochratoxin 6
2.2 Toxicity Profile of Ochratoxin 7
2.2.1 Nephrotoxicity 8
2.2.2 Neurotoxicity 9
2.2.3 Phytotoxicity 9
2.3 Producing Fungal Species of OTA 10
2.4 Differential Toxicity of Ochratoxin Group Members 11
2.4.1 Comparative Toxicity of Ochratoxin Group Members 13
2.4.2 Ochratoxin B (OTB) 14
2.4.3 Ochratoxin C (OTC) and Other Ethyl or Methyl Esters of Ochratoxins 17
2.4.4 Ochratoxin α (OTα) and Ochratoxin β (OTβ) 18
2.4.5 Ochratoxin Quinone (OTQ)/Hydroquinone (OTHQ) 20
2.5 Detection Methods for Ochratoxins 20
CHAPTER THREE 21
3.1 Fungal Toxins Mode of Actions 21
3.1.1 Neurotoxins 22
3.1.2 Inhibitors of Cellular Respiration 24
3.1.3 Cytotoxins 25
3.1.4 Alkylating and intercalating DNA toxins 26
3.2 Ochratoxin Mode of Actions 27
3.3 OTA Biosynthesis 28
3.4 Occurrence of OTA in Food and Dietary Intake 29
3.5 Contamination Level and Human Exposure 31
3.6 Effect of OTA on Animal Feeds and Health 33
CHAPTER FOUR 35
4.1 Major Source of Fungal Toxins 35
4.2 Mycotoxicosis and Symptoms of Mycotoxins 35
4.3 Prevention of Fungal Mycotoxins 37
4.4 Ochratoxin Regulations in Feedstuff and Food Commodities 38
CHAPTER FIVE 42
CONCLUSION 42
REFERENCES 44
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1. Food commodities intoxicated with ochratoxins. 25
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