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MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF BOREHOLE WATER IN PERMANENT SITE, OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY AGO-IWOYE AND THEIR ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE PROFILE

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Table of contents

 

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                                     1 

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                                1 

1.2       Statement of the Problem                                                                                           4 

1.3       Justification of the Study                                                                                            4 

1.4       Aim of the Study                                                                                                        5 

1.5       Objectives of the Study                                                                                              5 

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review                                                                                    6 

2.1       Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water                                                              6 

2.2       Ground Water Contamination                                                                                    8 

2.3       Waterborne Infections                                                                                                10 

2.4       Antibiotic resistance                                                                                                   12 

2.5       Antibiotic resistance in Enteropathogenic bacteria                                                    15 

2.5.1 Salmonella typhi                                                                                                            15 

2.5.2 Shigella sp.                                                                                                                    15 

2.5.3    Pseudomonas aeruginosa                                                                                           16 

2.5.4    Escherichia coli                                                                                                          17 

2.6       Water treatment                                                                                                          17 

CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods                                                                         20 

3.1       Study Area                                                                                                                  20 

3.2       Collection of Water Samples                                                                                      20 

3.3       Materials Used                                                                                                            20 

3.4       Media Used                                                                                                                 21 

3.5       Sterilization of Glassware                                                                                          21 

3.6       Physical and Chemical Analysis of the Water Samples                                             21 

3.7       Total coliform count (TCC)                                                                                       22 

3.8       Total Viable Count Determination                                                                             22 

3.9       Feacal Coliform Count                                                                                               23 

3.10     Microbiological Analysis                                                                                           23 

3.10.1  Cultural Techniques                                                                                                   23 

3.10.2  Morphological Characteristics                                                                                   24 

3.10.3  Biochemical Tests                                                                                                      25 

3.11     Antibiotic Susceptibility Test                                                                                     28 

3.11.1  Preparation of Inoculum                                                                                             28 

CHAPTER FOUR: Results                                                                                                    30 

4.1       Physiochemical Analysis of Borehole Water Samples                                              30 

4.2       Bacteriological Analysis of the Isolates from Borehole Water Samples                      30 

4.3       Identification of Isolates from Borehole Water Samples                                           34 

4.4       Antimicrobial susceptibility testing                                                                           40 

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                                                    42 

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   42 

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  46 

5.3       Recommendations                                                                                                      47 

References                                                                                                                              48 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table  Title                                                                                                                Pages 

4.1       Physiochemical Analysis of Drinking Water Samples                                              32 

4.2       Microbial Counts of Isolates in Borehole Water Samples                                         33 

4.3       Colonial Morphology of Bacteria Isolates Recovered from Borehole 

            Water Samples                                                                                                            36 

 

4.4       Colonial Morphology of Fungi Isolates Recovered from Borehole Water                      37 

4.5       Biochemical Characteristics of Isolates Recovered from Borehole Water Samples            38 

4.6       Zone of Inhibition of Bacterial Isolates from Borehole Water Samples                      41 

Abstract

 

Borehole water is generally considered a safe source of drinking water because it is abstracted with low microbial load with little need for treatment before drinking. However, borehole resources are commonly vulnerable to pollution, which may degrade their quality. An assessment of microbial qualities of borehole water in Olabisi Onabanjo University Permanent Site was carried out. The bacteria isolation was performed using standard culture methods were used for bacteria isolation. The pH value of the borehole water samples ranged from 6.4 – 7.3 while the temperature ranged from 22oC – 28oC. All the borehole water samples collected were colourless and tasteless. The total viable count ranged from 2.35 x 101 to 1.12 x 102 while the total coliform count ranged from 1.80 x 101 to 1.52 x 102. Total feacal count ranged from 2.3 x 101 to 1.36 x 102 while Salmonella shigella count ranged from 3.60 x 101 to 1.09 x 102. A total number of forty (40) bacteria isolates belonging to seven genera were isolated in this study. They were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus spp. Escherichia coli has the highest percentage occurrence with 9 (22.5%), followed by Salmonella spp. 6 (15%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6 (15%), Shigella spp. 6(15%), Staphylococcus aureus 5 (12.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 4 (10%) and Bacillus spp. 4 (10%). The fungi isolated in this study were Aspergillus niger, Mucor spp., Penicillum spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporum. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that ciprofloxacin was susceptible on all the isolates except Klebsiella pneumoniae, augumentin was moderate on all the isolates except Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were resistant. Staphyloccocus aureus was resistant to Gentamycin while only Escherichia coli was susceptible to Streptomycin. Chloramphenicol was susceptible on Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Bacillus spp. while Staphylococcus resist chloramphenicol. All the isolates were susceptible to Amoxicillin except Shigella spp. and Bacillus spp. which were moderate. Four isolates were resistance to erythromycin while the reaming four were moderate. Introduction of easy-to-handle water treatment techniques is needed to ensure drastic reduction in the magnitude of occurrence of faecal coliforms and enteric pathogens in borehole water. 

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