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GROWTH ENHANCING POTENTIAL OF VERMICAST TEA OBTAINED FROM EARTH WORM EXPOSED TO GLYPHOSATE BASED HERBICIDE ON STEM GIRTH AND NUMBER OF BRANCHES OF Solanum lycopersicum

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Table of contents

 

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION                                                                                               1 

1.1       Background to the Study                                                                                           1 

1.2       Aim and Objectives of the Study                                                                               3 

Chapter Two: LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                               4 

2.1       Origin and Distribution of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)                                     4 

2.2       Tomato Breeding                                                                                                        5 

2.3       Physicochemical Characteristics                                                                                 6 

2.4       Mineral Nutrition of Tomato                                                                                      8 

2.5       Responses to Specific Nutrients and Nutrient Ratios                                                9 

2.5.1    Nitrogen                                                                                                                      9 

2.5.2    Phosphorus                                                                                                                  10 

2.5.3    Potassium                                                                                                                    11 

2.5.4    Calcium                                                                                                                       12 

2.5.5    Magnesium                                                                                                                  13 

2.5.6    Iron                                                                                                                             13 

2.5.7    Manganese                                                                                                                  15 

2.6       Medicinal Uses of Tomato                                                                                          16 

2.7       Vermitechnology                                                                                                        17 

2.8       Vermicomposting                                                                                                        18 

2.9       Earthworms                                                                                                                 20 

2.10     Role of Vermicompost in Plant Growth Promotion                                                   21 

2.10     Influence of Vermicompost on the Physic-Chemical and Biological Properties 

 of Soil                                                                                                                        23 

2.11     Effects of Vermicompost on Plant Growth                                                                25 

2.12     Advantages of Glyphosate Herbicides                                                                       27 

2.13     Disadvantages of Glyphosate Herbicides                                                                   28 

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                        32 

3.1       Study Area                                                                                                                  32 

3.2       Experimental Setup                                                                                                     32 

3.3       Vermicast Collection                                                                                                  33 

3.4       Vermicast Preparation and Application                                                                      33 

3.5       Determination of Physical, Chemical and Mineral Composition of Vermicast Tea   34 

3.6       Planting/Sowing and Data Collection                                                                        34 

3.7       Method of Data Analysis                                                                                           34 

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS                                                                                              37 

4.1       Physical Parameters of Vermicast Tea                                                                        37 

4.2       Chemical Parameters of Vermicast Tea                                                                      37 

4.3       Mineral Composition of Vermicast Tea                                                                      41 

4.4       Number of Branches of Tomato Plants                                                                      43 

4.5       Stem Girth of Solanum lycopersicum Plants                                                              45 

CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion and Conclusion                                                                      52 

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   52 

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  53 

References                                                                                                                              54 

LIST OF TABLES 

TABLE          TITLE                                                                                                     PAGES 

4.1       Physical Parameters of Vermicast Tea of Three Earthworm Species                         39 

4.2       Chemical Parameters of Vermicast Tea of Three Earthworm Species                        40 

4.3       Mineral Composition of Vermicast Tea of Three Earthworm Species                       42 

4.4       Number of Branches of Tomato Plants Treated With Vermicast Tea of Three          

            Earthworm Species                                                                                                     44 

LIST OF FIGURES 

FIGURE        TITLE                                                                                                PAGES 

4.1       Stem Girth of Solanum lycopersicum Plants Treated with Vermicast Tea 

of Three Earthworm Species at Three Weeks after Planting                                      46 

4.2       Stem Girth of Solanum lycopersicum Plants Treated with Vermicast Tea of 

Three Earthworm Species at Four Weeks after Planting                                            47 

4.3       Stem Girth of Solanum Lycopersicum Plants Treated with vermicast tea of 

 three earthworm species at five Weeks After Planting                                              49 

4.4       Stem Girth of Solanum Lycopersicum Plants Treated With Vermicast Tea 

of Three Earthworm Species At Six Weeks After Planting                                       50 

4.5       Stem girth of Solanum lycopersicum plants treated with Vermicast Tea of 

Three Earthworm Species at Seven Weeks after Planting                                          51 

LIST OF PLATES 

PLATE          TITLE                                                                                                PAGE 

3.1         The Newly Transplanted Weeds                                                                         35 

3.2A      Sprayed weeds with Roundup® Alphae Herbicide                                            35 

3.2B      Unsprayed Weeds                                                                                               36 

Abstract

 

The use of vermicast tea is of great interest to sustainable agriculture because it has been widely reported to have a more positive effect on plant growth and plant health than conventional compost. The study was carried out to experiment growth enhancing potential of vermicast tea obtain from earthworm exposed to glyphosate based on herbicide on tomato. 

            In order to determine the growth enhancing potential of vermicast tea obtained from three earth worm species exposed to Glyphosate Based Herbicide (GBH) exposed to Solanum lycopersicum, common weed Tridax procumbens, Alternantera sessile and Megathyrsus maximus were transplanted into 120 pots filled with aerable soil and 20 grown earthworm of Alma millisoni, Eudrilus eugeneae and Libyodrilus violaceous) were later introduced with water to get adapted to the soil containing the week (twenty per bucket). It was mixed with mixture of wet and dry leaves at 2 days interval with 7.2 ml of Roundup herbicide (Gylophosate based herbicide) diluted with 100ml of water with sprayed on 60 pots containing the weeds and the remaining 60 pots were not exposed with was used as control. The cast obtained from all the earthworm species were processed to produce vermicast tea using standard method. The teas were analysed for their physiochemical parameter and mineral composition. The tea was sprayed on Solanum lycopersicun and the stem girth and number of branches was measured at 3 Weeks After Planting (WAP), 4,5,6,7 WAP. 

            Results showed higher level of nutrient in all the vermicast tea specifically for those Libyodrillus violaceous and Eudrillus eugeniae unexposed to GBH and ordinary water. After 3th, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th WAP, the vermicast tea of Libyodrillus violaceous and Eudrillus eugeniae unexposed to GBH and ordinary water was observed to improve the growth of stem girth. Eudrillus eugeniae exposed was also observed to improve the growth of the number of branches. 

            In conclusion, the nutrient in the vermicast tea produced by earthworm species unexposed to GBH may contain some plant growth enhancing substances. It is therefore concluded that vermicast tea produced by earthworm unexposed to GBH are richer in organic and inorganic as well as mineral composition than the vermicast tea produced by those sprayed with the herbicide. It is hereby recommended to farmers and breeder that vermicast tea unexposed to GBH should be used as alternate fertilizer for growth and development of plant. 

 

Keywords: Vermicast, Vermicast tea, Solanum lycopersicum, Earthworms, Glyphosate Based Herbicide, Stem Girth, Number of Branches. 

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