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GROWTH ENHANCING POTENTIAL OF VERMICAST TEA OBTAINED FROM EARTH WORM EXPOSED TO GLYPHOSATE BASED HERBICIDE ON STEM GIRTH AND NUMBER OF BRANCHES OF Solanum lycopersicum
Categories
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Study 3
Chapter Two: LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Origin and Distribution of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 4
2.2 Tomato Breeding 5
2.3 Physicochemical Characteristics 6
2.4 Mineral Nutrition of Tomato 8
2.5 Responses to Specific Nutrients and Nutrient Ratios 9
2.5.1 Nitrogen 9
2.5.2 Phosphorus 10
2.5.3 Potassium 11
2.5.4 Calcium 12
2.5.5 Magnesium 13
2.5.6 Iron 13
2.5.7 Manganese 15
2.6 Medicinal Uses of Tomato 16
2.7 Vermitechnology 17
2.8 Vermicomposting 18
2.9 Earthworms 20
2.10 Role of Vermicompost in Plant Growth Promotion 21
2.10 Influence of Vermicompost on the Physic-Chemical and Biological Properties
of Soil 23
2.11 Effects of Vermicompost on Plant Growth 25
2.12 Advantages of Glyphosate Herbicides 27
2.13 Disadvantages of Glyphosate Herbicides 28
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 32
3.1 Study Area 32
3.2 Experimental Setup 32
3.3 Vermicast Collection 33
3.4 Vermicast Preparation and Application 33
3.5 Determination of Physical, Chemical and Mineral Composition of Vermicast Tea 34
3.6 Planting/Sowing and Data Collection 34
3.7 Method of Data Analysis 34
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 37
4.1 Physical Parameters of Vermicast Tea 37
4.2 Chemical Parameters of Vermicast Tea 37
4.3 Mineral Composition of Vermicast Tea 41
4.4 Number of Branches of Tomato Plants 43
4.5 Stem Girth of Solanum lycopersicum Plants 45
CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion and Conclusion 52
5.1 Discussion 52
5.2 Conclusion 53
References 54
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGES
4.1 Physical Parameters of Vermicast Tea of Three Earthworm Species 39
4.2 Chemical Parameters of Vermicast Tea of Three Earthworm Species 40
4.3 Mineral Composition of Vermicast Tea of Three Earthworm Species 42
4.4 Number of Branches of Tomato Plants Treated With Vermicast Tea of Three
Earthworm Species 44
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGES
4.1 Stem Girth of Solanum lycopersicum Plants Treated with Vermicast Tea
of Three Earthworm Species at Three Weeks after Planting 46
4.2 Stem Girth of Solanum lycopersicum Plants Treated with Vermicast Tea of
Three Earthworm Species at Four Weeks after Planting 47
4.3 Stem Girth of Solanum Lycopersicum Plants Treated with vermicast tea of
three earthworm species at five Weeks After Planting 49
4.4 Stem Girth of Solanum Lycopersicum Plants Treated With Vermicast Tea
of Three Earthworm Species At Six Weeks After Planting 50
4.5 Stem girth of Solanum lycopersicum plants treated with Vermicast Tea of
Three Earthworm Species at Seven Weeks after Planting 51
LIST OF PLATES
PLATE TITLE PAGE
3.1 The Newly Transplanted Weeds 35
3.2A Sprayed weeds with Roundup® Alphae Herbicide 35
3.2B Unsprayed Weeds 36
Abstract
The use of vermicast tea is of great interest to sustainable agriculture because it has been widely reported to have a more positive effect on plant growth and plant health than conventional compost. The study was carried out to experiment growth enhancing potential of vermicast tea obtain from earthworm exposed to glyphosate based on herbicide on tomato.
In order to determine the growth enhancing potential of vermicast tea obtained from three earth worm species exposed to Glyphosate Based Herbicide (GBH) exposed to Solanum lycopersicum, common weed Tridax procumbens, Alternantera sessile and Megathyrsus maximus were transplanted into 120 pots filled with aerable soil and 20 grown earthworm of Alma millisoni, Eudrilus eugeneae and Libyodrilus violaceous) were later introduced with water to get adapted to the soil containing the week (twenty per bucket). It was mixed with mixture of wet and dry leaves at 2 days interval with 7.2 ml of Roundup herbicide (Gylophosate based herbicide) diluted with 100ml of water with sprayed on 60 pots containing the weeds and the remaining 60 pots were not exposed with was used as control. The cast obtained from all the earthworm species were processed to produce vermicast tea using standard method. The teas were analysed for their physiochemical parameter and mineral composition. The tea was sprayed on Solanum lycopersicun and the stem girth and number of branches was measured at 3 Weeks After Planting (WAP), 4,5,6,7 WAP.
Results showed higher level of nutrient in all the vermicast tea specifically for those Libyodrillus violaceous and Eudrillus eugeniae unexposed to GBH and ordinary water. After 3th, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th WAP, the vermicast tea of Libyodrillus violaceous and Eudrillus eugeniae unexposed to GBH and ordinary water was observed to improve the growth of stem girth. Eudrillus eugeniae exposed was also observed to improve the growth of the number of branches.
In conclusion, the nutrient in the vermicast tea produced by earthworm species unexposed to GBH may contain some plant growth enhancing substances. It is therefore concluded that vermicast tea produced by earthworm unexposed to GBH are richer in organic and inorganic as well as mineral composition than the vermicast tea produced by those sprayed with the herbicide. It is hereby recommended to farmers and breeder that vermicast tea unexposed to GBH should be used as alternate fertilizer for growth and development of plant.
Keywords: Vermicast, Vermicast tea, Solanum lycopersicum, Earthworms, Glyphosate Based Herbicide, Stem Girth, Number of Branches.
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