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ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF WELL WATER IN HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT
Categories
Table of contents
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables ix
List of Figure x
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Aim of the Study 4
1.3 Objective of the Study 4
1.4 Justification of the Study 5
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review 6
2.1 Drinking Water Quality 6
2.2 Ground (Well) Water Quality 7
2.3 Typical Chemical Contamination 7
2.4 Sources of Ground (Well) Water Contamination 8
2.5 Types of Contaminants 8
2.6 Bacteriological Water Quality 9
2.7 Water Borne Pathogens and Diseases 10
2.8 Indicator Organisms of Drinking Water 13
2.9 Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance 14
CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Method 16
3.1 Selection of Sampling Area 16
3.2 Study Area 16
3.3 Collection of Samples 16
3.4 Materials Used 17
3.5 Sterilization of Glassware 17
3.6 Media Used 17
3.7 Media Preparation 18
3.8 Determination of Microbial Load 18
3.8.1 Sample Preparation 18
3.8.2 Total Coliform Count 18
3.9 Isolation of Microorganism 19
3.10 Identification of Bacteria Isolates 19
3.11 Microscopic Identification of Bacteria Isolates 20
3.11.1 Gram Staining 20
3.11.2 Catalase Test 21
3.11.3 Methyl Red Test 21
3.11.4 Oxidase Test 21
3.11.5 Citrate Utilization Test 22
3.11.6 Indole Production Test 22
3.11.7 Urease Test 23
3.12 Antibiotic Susceptibility Test 23
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 25
CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations 34
5.1 Discussion 34
5.2 Conclusion and Recommendations 37
References 38
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
4.1 Observation Made on Site 27
4.2 Isolation Rate of Bacterial from Hospital Well Water 28
4.3 Morphological Characteristics of Bacteria on Selective Agar 29
4.4: Biochemical Characterization of Bacteria Isolates from Well Water Sample 30
4.5 Microbial Load of Hospital Well Water Samples 31
4.6 Resistance Pattern of Isolates to Test Antibiotics 32
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Title Page
4.1 Antimicrobial Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Well Water 33
Abstract
Water is an essential element for the functioning of health facilities, but it can be a source of serious infections in case of contamination, especially for the most vulnerable patients. The isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of well water in hospital environment was carried out using standard microbiological methods. Isolation was done by spread plate method using selective agar, Eosin-methylene-blue (EMB) agar and MacConkey agar. The total coliform count and viable count of the samples were done by pour plate method on MacConkey agar and Nutrient agar plates respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates to five (5) antibiotics was done using disc diffusion method. A total of ten isolates made up of 5 genera (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella spp.) were isolated from well water. Total viable count of the water samples ranged from 1.1 × 103 cfu/ml to 3.0 × 103 cfu/ml and the coliform count of the water samples ranged from 1.6 × 103 CFU/ml to 3.2 × 103 cfu/ml. Susceptibility of isolates ranged from 40% to 60%. Ceftriaxone and Amoxicillin were the highest with 60%, closely followed by Ciprofloxacin and Ampicillin with 50% while susceptibility to tetracycline was the lowest with 40%. These result shows that the sampled well water served as reservoir of bacteria which is of great consequences to public health.
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