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MICROBIAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT HERBAL MIXTURES

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Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.0.Introduction                                                                                                    1

1.1.Background of study                                                                           1

1.2. Definition of Herbal mixture                                                             3

1.3. Uses of Herbal mixture                                                                     3

1.4. Classification of Herbal mixture                                                       4

1.5. Aims and Objectives                                                                         5

CHAPTER TWO

2.1  .     Literature review                                                                                      6

2.2.      Quality control of Herbal Mixture                                                                 7

2.3.       Toxicity of Herbal Drugs                                                                             10

2.4.      Marker compounds of Herbal preparation                                                     12

CHAPTER THREE

3.0.      Methodology                                                                                                  13       

3.1.      Sample collection                                                                                           13

3.2.      Sample preparation                                                                                          13

3.3.      Preparation of culture media                                                                          13

3.4.      Sterilization and aseptic techniques                                                               13       

3.5.      Preparation of serial dilution                                                                          14

3.6.      Culturing                                                                                                         14

3.7.      Isolation of pure culture                                                                                 15

3.8.      Biochemical test, Morphological and staining reaction                                 15

·       Gram staining                                                                                                 15

·       Methyl red test                                                                                                15

·       Voges Proskauer test                                                                                      16       

·       Starch hydrolysis test                                                                                        16

·       Indole production test                                                                                       16

·       Sugar fermentation test                                                                                      17

·       Oxidase                                                                                                             17

·       Catalase                                                                                                            17

·       Citrate utilization test                                                                                        18

3.9. Antibiotic sensitivity (antimicrobial) test                                                               18

CHAPTER FOUR

Results                                                                                                                           20

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1.      Discussion                                                                                                         33

5.2.      Conclusion                                                                                                        37

References                                                                                                        38

Abstract

This investigation was designed to throw light on the microbial status and antimicrobial activities of some different herbal mixtures. Four samples were purchased from local hawkers. Microbiological analysis was carried out to detect and enumerate of microorganisms present in the herbal mixtures using standard methods. Also, organisms were investigated for their resistance and susceptibility to antibiotics. A total of 22 organisms were isolated out of which the family Enterobacteriaceae was the highest bacteria isolated from the herbal mixture samples (Klebsiella spp, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia ficaria and Escherichia coli with the percentage frequency occurrence of 13.5%, 4.5%, 4.5% and 4.5% respectively) giving a total frequency occurrence of 27%. Bacillus was the second highest bacteria isolated from the herbal mixtures with percentage occurrence of 18.1%. The two strains of Staphylocococci isolated in the examined herbal products were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromicin and ampicilin. The Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive than the Gram-negative bacteria. All the gram positive cocci isolated were resistant to the β-lactam antibiotics. It can be concluded that spices and medicinal plants are of high risk potential and therefore, more studies are necessary to find methods of decontamination.

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