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5

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MICROBIOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF HAND DUG WELL LOCATED CLOSE TO A SEPTIC TANK IN IJEBU, OGUN STATE

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Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                       1

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                    1

1.2       General Objective                                                                                           3

1.3       Specific Objectives of the Study                                                                    3

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review                                                                    4

2.1       Water Quality of Hand Dug Wells                                                                 4

2.2       Water Quality Assessment Parameters                                                          6

2.3       Standard of Water Quality                                                                              9

2.4       Needs for Water Supply and Sanitation                                                         10

2.5       Waterborne Diseases                                                                                      11

CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods                                                       14

3.1       Study Area                                                                                                      14

3.2       Collection of Water Samples                                                                          14

3.3       Materials and Methods                                                                                   14

3.4       Sterilization of Glassware                                                                              15

3.4.1    Physical and Chemical Analysis of the Water Samples                                 15

3.5       Microbiological Analysis                                                                               16

3.5.1    Morphological Characteristics                                                                       16

3.6       Biochemical Tests                                                                                          17

3.6.1    Microscopic Identification of Bacteria Isolates Gram Staining                        17        

3.6.2    Catalase Test                                                                                                   18        

3.6.3    Oxidase Test                                                                                                   18

3.6.4    Citrate Utilisation Test                                                                                   19

3.6.5    Urease Test                                                                                                     19

3.6.6    Methyl Red Test                                                                                             19

CHAPTER FOUR: Results                                                                                      21

CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations 29

5.1      Discussion                                                                                       29

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                      32

REFERENCES                                                                                         34

 

LIST OF TABLES

Table  Title                                                                                                                Page

Table 1            Observation Made on Site                                                                  23

Table 2            Physiochemical Parameters of Hand Dug Well water located 

very close to septic tank in Ago-iwoye                                              24

Table 3            Microbial Load of Hand Dug Well located very close to septic 

tank in Ago-Iwoye                                                                              25

Table 4            Morphological Characteristics of Bacteria from the Sampled Well 26

Table 5            Biochemical Characterization of Bacteria Isolates from Well Water 

Samples                                                                                              27

Table 6            Isolation Rate of Bacterial Isolated from Hand Dug Well water 

samples close to Ijebu area                                                                 28

Abstract

Water is an essential element for the functioning of health facilities, but it can be a source of serious infections in case of contamination, especially for the people in rural environment. In most cases, people in rural environment lack municipal sewers, hence forcing residents to construct septic tank at close proximity to their wells. Indeed, it is not uncommon to find a well located just a few metres from an unlined septic tank. The microbiological, physical and chemical parameter of hand dug well located closed septic tanks was carried out using standard microbiological methods. Isolation was done by spread plate method using selective agar, Eosin-methylene-blue (EMB) agar and MacConkey agar. The physical and chemical analysis revealed that the pH level ranged from 4.4 to 7.6, temperature ranged from 25.6oC to 31.1oC, turbidity ranged from 0.34 NTU to 11.6 NTU. Two of the well water sampled were smelling fishy, four of the well water samples were smelling feacal, four of the water were odourless, five of the water samples were colourless, three of the water samples have reddish colour and two of the water samples were brownish. A total of ten isolates made up of 5 genera: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella spp. were isolated from well water. Total viable count of the water samples ranged from 1.1 × 103 cfu/ml to 3.0 × 103 cfu/ml and the coliform count of the water samples ranged from 1.6 × 103 CFU/ml to 3.2 × 103 cfu/ml. These result shows that the sampled well water served as reservoir of bacteria which is of great consequences to public health. It is recommended that a safe septic tanks separation distance of 48 m be maintained which will avoid contamination of well water from septic tanks.

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