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PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS

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Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE:           INTRODUCTION

1.0       Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.1       Aim and Objectives                                                                                                    3

1.2       Justification of the Study                                                                                            3

CHAPTER TWO:         LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0       Literature Review                                                                                                       5

2.1       Medicinal Plants                                                                                                         5

2.2       The Secondary Metabolites and their Medicinal Uses                                               6

2.3       Botanical Description of Phyllanthus                                                                         14

2.3.1    Phyllanthus Amarus                                                                                                    15

2.4       Ethno-Medicinal Utilities of Phyllanthus                                                                   16

2.4.1    Ethno-Medicinal Utilities of Phyllanthus Amarus                                                     19

2.5       Phytochemistry of Phyllanthus                                                                                   21

2.6       Phytochemicals                                                                                                          22

2.6.1    Phytochemical Constituents                                                                                       23

CHAPTER THREE:     MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.0       Materials and Methods                                                                                               24

3.1       Materials Required                                                                                                     24

3.2       Study Setting                                                                                                              24

3.3       Study Population                                                                                                        24

3.4       Sterilization of Apparatus and Working Surface                                                       24

3.5       Media                                                                                                                          24

3.5.1    Preparation of the Media to be Used                                                                          25

3.6       Gram Staining                                                                                                            25

3.7       Procedure                                                                                                                    27

3.8       Test Organisms                                                                                                           27

3.9       Characterization and Identification of Microorganism Isolated from Stool Samples 28

3.10     Biochemicals for Identification of the Microorganisms                                            28

3.10.1  Catalase Test                                                                                                               28

3.10.2  Glucose Fermentation Test                                                                                         28

3.10.3  Oxidase Test                                                                                                               29

CHAPTER FOUR:        RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.0       Results and Discussion                                                                                               30

4.1       The Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extract of Phyllanthus

            Amarus                                                                                                                       30

4.2       The Phytochemical Analysis of Phyllantus Amarus Using Both Ethanol

            and Aqueous as the Solvent                                                                                        31

 

CHAPTER FIVE:          CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0       Conclusion and Recommendations                                                                            36

5.1       Conclusion                                                                                                                  36

5.2       Recommendations                                                                                                      37

REFERENCES                                                                                                           38



 

LIST OF TABLES

List     Title                                                                                                                Page

2.5.1:   Phytochemicals in Phyllanthus amarus                                                          21

4.1:      Antimicrobial Activity of Phyllanthus amarus against test organisms        30

4.2:      The phytochemical analysis of phyllantus amarus using both ethanol

            and aqueous as the solvent                                                                             32



 

LIST OF FIGURES

List     Title                                                                                                                Page

4.1       Pure Culture                                                                                                    33

4.2       Sensitivity testing of ethanol extracts                                                            34

4.3       Sensitivity testing of aqueous extracts                                                           35

Abstract

Phyllanthus species are pan tropical plants originating from Western India. The genus Phyllanthus belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is a large genus comprising of about 750 species in the tropical and subtropical regions. The aim of this research work was to make analysis of the phytochemicals in the methanol and aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus amarus.

Phyllanthus amarus leaves were collected from the Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria. The plant leaves were air-dried, pulverized and the secondary metabolites were extracted using two different solvents (methanol and aqueous (water)). The crude extracts of the Phyllanthus amarus leaves from the methanol and aqueous solvents were subjected to Qualitative Phytochemical screening and Quantitative determination of the secondary metabolites, using standard procedures. Preliminary screening (qualitatively and quantitatively) of Phytochemicals is a useful and valuable step in the detection of bioactive principles and subsequently may lead to drug discovery and development. The data obtained revealed the presence of medicinally important bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, glycosides, anthraquinones, triterpenes and sterols, although at varying levels/intensities, from the methanol and aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus amarus leaves. The presence of these medicinally active secondary metabolites justifies the use of Phyllanthus amarus as herbal treatment of various diseases.

These secondary metabolites are known to exhibit medicinal activity as well as physiological activity.

Keywords: Phyllanthus amarus, extracts, metabolites.

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