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PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS
Categories
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim and Objectives 3
1.2 Justification of the Study 3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Literature Review 5
2.1 Medicinal Plants 5
2.2 The Secondary Metabolites and their Medicinal Uses 6
2.3 Botanical Description of Phyllanthus 14
2.3.1 Phyllanthus Amarus 15
2.4 Ethno-Medicinal Utilities of Phyllanthus 16
2.4.1 Ethno-Medicinal Utilities of Phyllanthus Amarus 19
2.5 Phytochemistry of Phyllanthus 21
2.6 Phytochemicals 22
2.6.1 Phytochemical Constituents 23
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.0 Materials and Methods 24
3.1 Materials Required 24
3.2 Study Setting 24
3.3 Study Population 24
3.4 Sterilization of Apparatus and Working Surface 24
3.5 Media 24
3.5.1 Preparation of the Media to be Used 25
3.6 Gram Staining 25
3.7 Procedure 27
3.8 Test Organisms 27
3.9 Characterization and Identification of Microorganism Isolated from Stool Samples 28
3.10 Biochemicals for Identification of the Microorganisms 28
3.10.1 Catalase Test 28
3.10.2 Glucose Fermentation Test 28
3.10.3 Oxidase Test 29
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Results and Discussion 30
4.1 The Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extract of Phyllanthus
Amarus 30
4.2 The Phytochemical Analysis of Phyllantus Amarus Using Both Ethanol
and Aqueous as the Solvent 31
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 36
5.1 Conclusion 36
5.2 Recommendations 37
REFERENCES 38
LIST OF TABLES
List Title Page
2.5.1: Phytochemicals in Phyllanthus amarus 21
4.1: Antimicrobial Activity of Phyllanthus amarus against test organisms 30
4.2: The phytochemical analysis of phyllantus amarus using both ethanol
and aqueous as the solvent 32
LIST OF FIGURES
List Title Page
4.1 Pure Culture 33
4.2 Sensitivity testing of ethanol extracts 34
4.3 Sensitivity testing of aqueous extracts 35
Abstract
Phyllanthus species are pan tropical plants originating from Western India. The genus Phyllanthus belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is a large genus comprising of about 750 species in the tropical and subtropical regions. The aim of this research work was to make analysis of the phytochemicals in the methanol and aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus amarus.
Phyllanthus amarus leaves were collected from the Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria. The plant leaves were air-dried, pulverized and the secondary metabolites were extracted using two different solvents (methanol and aqueous (water)). The crude extracts of the Phyllanthus amarus leaves from the methanol and aqueous solvents were subjected to Qualitative Phytochemical screening and Quantitative determination of the secondary metabolites, using standard procedures. Preliminary screening (qualitatively and quantitatively) of Phytochemicals is a useful and valuable step in the detection of bioactive principles and subsequently may lead to drug discovery and development. The data obtained revealed the presence of medicinally important bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, glycosides, anthraquinones, triterpenes and sterols, although at varying levels/intensities, from the methanol and aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus amarus leaves. The presence of these medicinally active secondary metabolites justifies the use of Phyllanthus amarus as herbal treatment of various diseases.
These secondary metabolites are known to exhibit medicinal activity as well as physiological activity.
Keywords: Phyllanthus amarus, extracts, metabolites.
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