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ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF ISOLATES FROM GROUNDWATER LOCATED WITHIN AQUACULTURE FARMS

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Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                         1

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                    1

1.2       Aim of the Study                                                                                            2

1.3       Objectives of the Study                                                                                  3

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review                                                                        4

2.1       Resistance in the Environment                                                                       4

2.2       Ground water as source of antibiotics and resistance in the environment    5

2.3       Aquaculture as Source of Bacteria Resistance                                               7

2.4       Human impacts                                                                                               8

CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Method                                                              9

3.1       Selection of Sampling Area                                                                            9

3.2       Collection of Samples                                                                                    9

3.3       Sterilization of Glasswares                                                                             9

3.4       Isolation and Identification of Microorganism                                               9

3.5       Identification and Characterization of Bacterial Isolated                               10

3.5.1    Microscopic Identification of Bacteria Isolates Gram Staining                        11

3.5.2    Catalase Test                                                                                                   11

3.5.3    Oxidase Test                                                                                                   12

3.5.4    Citrate Utilisation Test                                                                                   12

3.5.5    Urease Test                                                                                                     13

3.5.6    Indole Test                                                                                                      13

3.5.7    Methyl Red Test                                                                                             13

3.6       Antibiotic Susceptibility Test                                                                         14

3.6.1    Preparation of Inoculum                                                                                14

CHAPTER FOUR: Results                                                                                        15

4.1       Total Viable Count of Sampled Wells                                                           15

4.2       Total Coliform Count of Sample Wells                                                         15

4.3       Identification of Isolates                                                                                 15

4.4       Antimicrobial susceptibility testing                                                               15

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                                        22

5.0       Discussion                                                                                                       22

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                      23

REFERENCES                                                                                                           25

APPENDIX                                                                                                                 29



LIST OF TABLES

Table  Title                                                                                                                Page

4.1.      Total viable count (cfu/ml) of Sampled Wells                                               16

4.2       Total Coliform count (cfu/ml) of Sampled Wells                                          17

4.3       Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Bacteria Isolate from 

            Groundwater locate within Aquaculture                                                        18

4.4       Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Isolate Organisms to Selected                         Antibiotics                                                                                                      19

4.5       Percentage susceptibility/resistance of different antimicrobial agents to                      isolated Organisms                                                                                         20



 

 

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures           Title                                                                                                    Page

4.1                   Percentage Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates to Test Antibiotics      21

Abstract

Antibiotics are emerging environmental contaminants, causing both short-term and long-term alterations of natural microbial communities due to their high biological activities. The antibiotic resistance patterns of isolates from groundwater located within aquaculture farms was carried out. A total of 6 samples were analysed for the presence of bacteria. Isolation was done by pour plate method using selective agar, Eosin-methylene-blue (EMB) agar, Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar. Total coliform count was determined by pour plate method on MacConkey agar plates. Suspected isolates were identified and characterised using conventional biochemical methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was carried out using five antibiotics: streptomycin, erythromycin, ampicillin, oxytetracycline and neomycin by disc diffusion method. A total of 50 isolates made up of 6 genera (Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., and Bacillus spp.) were isolated from the ground water sample. Mean total viable count was 1.92 x 108 cfu/ml and ranged from 1.16 x 108 to 2.65 x 108 cfu/ml. Mean total coliform count was 8.4 x 107 cfu/ml and ranged from 5.0 x 107 to 12.5 x 107 cfu/ml. Resistance to test antibiotics ranged from 8% to 80%. These results showed the groundwaters as reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria species which may have public health consequences. 

 

Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance, Aquaculture and Bacteria

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