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CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTION: TREATMENT, CONTROL AND PREVENTION

Table of contents

  CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                                   1

1.1       Overview of the Genus Campylobacter                                                                     1

1.2       Campylobacter Historical Perspective                                                                       2

1.3       Pathogenesis                                                                                                               3

1.4       Etiology and Transmission                                                                                         5

1.5       Campylobacter Ecology                                                                                             6

1.5.1    Survival in the Environment                                                                                      6

1.5.2    Animal Sources                                                                                                          7

1.5.3    Food and Water Sources                                                                                             9

CHAPTER TWO                                                                                                                    11

2.1       Epidemiology                                                                                                             11

2.2       Campylobacter Contamination of Food of Animal Origin                                        15

2.3       Detection Techniques                                                                                                             16

2.3.1    Sample Preparation and Processing                                                                           16

2.3.2    Surface Rinse Technique                                                                                17

2.3.3    Swab Technique                                                                                             17 

2.3.4    Recognition of Colonies                                                                                 17                    

2.3.5    Confirmatory Tests                                                                                         18

CHAPTER THREE                                                                                                    19

3.1       Clinical Presentation                                                                                      19

3.2       Post-infectious Complications                                                                       20

3.3       Diagnosis                                                                                                        23

CHAPTER FOUR                                                                                                                                          24

4.1       Treatment of Campylobacteriosis                                                                  24

4.2       Control and Prevention                                                                                   26

REFERENCES                                                                                                           29

Abstract

Bacteria belonging to the genus Campylobacter are Gram-negative, spiral, non-spore forming rods that form spherical or coccoid bodies in older cultures. Campylobacter and Archobacter are between 0.2 to 0.9 microns wide and 0.5 to 5 microns long, are motile and usually move with a polar unsheathed flagellum at one or both ends, and are microaerobic with a respiratory-type metabolism, although there are some that grow aerobically or anaerobically. The sequence of the genome of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC11168 was originally published in 2000. There is considerable variation between strains and re-annotation of the C. jejuni genome published in 2006 revealed that the complete sequence is 1,641,481 bp in length with 25 polymorphic regions. Moreover, new information for 1,450 of the original 1,654 coding sequences revealed changes corresponding to over 300 product functions. The infectious diseases caused by members of the bacterial genus Campylobacter are called campylobacteriosis. Currently Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are considered to be the most important enteropathogens among Campylobacter spp. The rate of Campylobacter infections are increasing worldwide, exceeding shigellosis. 

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