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ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF GRASSES COMMONLY FOUND IN AGO-IWOYE AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF SELECTED SPECIES
Categories
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim and Objectives of the Study 4
CHAPTER TWO 5
2.0 Literature Review 5
2.1 Taxonomic description of Chloris pilosa (Schum.) 5
2.1.1 Ecology and distribution of Chloris pilosa 5
2.1.2 Economic importance of Chloris pilosa 6
2.1.3 Medicinal uses of Chloris pilosa 6
2.2 Taxonomic description of Kyllinga pumila (Mich.) 7
2.2.1 Medicinal importance of Kyllinga species 7
2.2.2 Pharmacological activities of Kyllinga species 8
2.3 Taxonomic description of Brachiaria stigmatisata (Meg) Stapf 9
2.3.1 General description of Brachiaria species 9
2.4 Taxonomic description of Bambusa vulgaris (Schrad.) 11
2.4.1 Uses of Bambusa vulgaris 12
2.4.2 Phytochemical constituents of Bambusa vulgaris 13
2.5 Taxonomic description of Cyperus dilatatus (Schum.) 14
2.5.1 Medicinal Uses of Cyperus species 15
2.5.2 Anti Inflammatory Activity of Cyperus species 15
2.5.3 Antipyretic activity of Cyperus species 16
2.5.4 Analgesic activity of Cyperus species 16
2.5.5 Anticonvulsant activity of Cyperus species 16
2.5.6 Phytochemical constituents 16
2.6 Taxonomic description of Cymbopogon citratus (Stapf.) 16
2.6.1 Economic importance of Cymbopogon citratus 17
2.6.2 Medicinal uses of Cymbopogon citratus 18
2.6.3 Photochemistry of C. citratus 18
2.6.4 Anti-oxidant properties of C. citratus 19
2.6.5 Anti-bacterial potential of C. citratus 20
2.6.6 Anti-obesity and antihypertensive activity of C. citratus 20
2.6.7 Anxiolytic properties of C. citratus 21
2.6.8 Antinociceptive properties of C. citratus 22
2.6.9 Anti-fungi properties of C. citratus 22
2.6.10 Cytotoxicity and anti-mutagenicity of C. citratus 23
2.7 Taxonomic description of Eleusine indica (Linn.) Gaertn. 23
2.7.1 Medicinal uses of Eleusine indica 24
2.8 Taxonomic description of Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Linn) 25
2.8.1 Uses of Dactyloctenium aegyptium 25
2.8.2 Antimicrobial potential of Dactyloctenium aegyptium 26
2.9 Eragrostis aspera (Jacq) Nees 26
2.9.1 Economic importance of E. aspera 27
2.10 Melinis minutiflora (Beauv.) 28
2.11 Taxonomic description of Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl 29
2.11.1 Phytochemical constituents of Fimbristylis dichotoma 30
2.11.2 Antimicrobial pontential 30
CHAPTER THREE 32
3.0 Materials and Methods 32
3.1 Study Area 32
3.2 Administration of questionnaire 32
3.3 Plant collection and identification 33
3.4 Equipment/apparatus 33
3.5 Chemical, reagents and solvent used 34
3.6 Microorganisms used 34
3.7 Standard drugs used 35
3.8 Plant extraction 35
3.9 Phytochemical screening 35
3.9.1 Alkaloids 36
3.9.2 Anthraquinone glycosides 36
3.9.3 Cardiac glycosides 36
3.9.4 Flavonoids 36
3.9.5 Tannins 37
3.9.6 Saponins 37
3.9.7 Phenols 37
3.9.8 Steriods 38
3.9.9 Terpenoids (Salkowski test) 38
3.9.10 Phloba-tanins 38
3.10 Preparation of Media 38
3.11 Antimicrobial Assay on Extract 39
3.12 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 39
3.13 Statistical analysis 39
CHAPTER FOUR 40
4.0 Result 40
CHAPTER FIVE 54
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations 54
5.1 Discussion 54
5.2 Conclusion 56
5.3 Recommendations 56
REFERENCES 57
APPENDIX 76
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGES
4.1 Demographic data of respondents 40
4.2 Grasses used Traditionally for the Treatment of Antimicrobial Infection
in Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State. 41
4.3 Herbal Recipes used for the Treatment of Microbial Infection
in Ago-Iwoye. 42
4.4 Percentage Yield of Plant Extract 43
4.5 Colour of Plant Extract in Different Solvent 44
4.6 Phytochemical Analysis of Plant Extract In Different
Solvent 46
4.7 Standard Control 47
4.8 Effect of Chloris pilosa on microorganisms 49
4.9 Effect of Kyllinga pumila on microorganisms 51
4.10 Effect of Brachiaria stigmatisata on microorganisms 52
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGES
1 Chloris pilosa 5
2 Kyllinga pumila 7
3 Brachiaria stigmatisata 8
4 Bambusa vulgaris 12
5 Cyperus dilatatus 14
6 Cymbopogon citratus 17
7 Eleusine indica 24
8 Dactyloctenium aegyptium 25
9 Eragrostis aspera 27
10 Fimbristylis dichotoma 30
11 Map of Ijebu-North Local Government 32
Abstract
Grasses have been a survivor on the planet earth despite various ecological changes; they are repositories of secondary metabolites which have medicinal value. Ethnobotanical survey of grasses was conducted in Ago-Iwoye, from July to September 2019 using semi-structured questionnaire to access information from traditional medical practitioners, herb sellers and general members of the community. Seventeen plant species were collected, identified and authenticated in Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria. During the survey, information about the local names, uses, traditional recipes, methods of usage, ailment or diseases each of these grasses can cure were supplied by 25 respondents.
Phytochemical screening carried out on Chloris pilosa, Kyllinga pumila and Brachiaria stigmatisata revealed the presence of alkaloids and steroids while terpenoids, phenols, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinone glycosides and tannins were absent. Saponins and flavonoids were absent in C. pilosa but present in K. pumila and B. stigmatisata. Phlobatannins were present in C. pilosa and B. stigmatisata but absent in K. pumila.
The result of the ethanol extract of C. pilosa on different bacterial and fungi species showed its potent activity against fungi than bacteria; highest inhibitory value was recorded in Candida tropical (19.67±2.61) at 50mg/mL. K. pumila was not active against Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus cereus at all concentrations (6.25mg/mL, 12.5mg/mL, 25mg/mL and 50mg/mL), except Aspergillus tamari (15.33± 3.18) which was moderately inhibited at 50mg/mL. B. stigmatisata showed no inhibitory effect (6.00± 0.00) on Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris and Plesiomonas shigellosis at all concentrations while a very high inhibitory value of 30.00± 0.58 was recorded in A. tamari at 50mg/mL.
These results showed that plant extracts offer significant potential for the development of novel antimicrobial therapies and treatment of infections caused by microorganisms.
Keywords: Chloris pilosa, Kyllinga pumila, Brachiaria stigmatisata, ethnobotanical survey, secondary metabolites, antimicrobial.
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