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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PIPEBORNE WATER AND OTHER WATER SOURCES IN IJEBU-NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OGUN STATE

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Table of contents

Title Page                                                                                                  i

Abstract                                                                                                     ii

Certification                                                                                               iii

Dedication                                                                                                 iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                     v

Table of Contents                                                                                       vi

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                         1

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                    1

1.2       Aim of the Study                                                                                            3

1.3       Objective of the Study                                                                                    4

1.4       Justification of the Study                                                                                4

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review                                                                        5

2.1       Water and Health                                                                                            5

2.2       Water Quality Standards                                                                                7

2.3       Quality of Drinking Water                                                                             7

2.4       The Importance of Water Quality                                                                  8          

2.5       Waterborne Pathogen and Transmission of Enteric Bacteria                         10

2.6       Survival of Enteric Bacteria in Water                                                            11

2.7       The Effects of Poor Water Quality on Humans Health                                  12

CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Method                                                              14

3.1       Description of Study Area                                                                              14

3.2       Collection of Samples                                                                                    14

3.3       Materials Used                                                                                                14

3.4       Sterilization of Glasswares                                                                             15

3.5       Media Used                                                                                                     15

3.6       Media Preparation                                                                                          15

3.7       Microbiological Analysis                                                                               15

3.7.1    Serial Dilution                                                                                                15

3.7.2   Total Viable Count Determination                                                                  16

3.7.3   Total Viable Count                                                                                          16

3.7.4    Identification and Characterization of Isolated Bacteria                                17

3.7.4.1 Morphological characteristics of the colonies                                                17

3.7.4.2 Biochemical Characterization                                                                        17

3.7.4.3 Microscopic Identification of Bacteria                                                          17

3.7.4.4 Catalase Test                                                                                                   18

3.7.4.5 Methyl Red Test                                                                                             18

3.7.4.6 Oxidase Test                                                                                                   19

3.7.4.7 Citrate Utilization Test                                                                                   19

3.7.4.8 Indole Production Test                                                                                   20

3.7.4.9 Urease Test                                                                                                     20

CHAPTER FOUR:  Results                                                                                       21

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                                        27

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                       27

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                      29

5.3       Recommendations                                                                                          30

References                                                                                                                  32

Appendix                                                                                                                    36 

Abstract

The usual sources of drinking water in most villages is the streams, rivers, well and if available pipe borne which are mostly untreated and associated with various health risks. This study is therefore conducted to investigate comparative analysis of pipeborne water and other water sources in Ijebu-North, Ogun State. The microbial load was determined by serial dilution and spread plate techniques while the isolation and identification of bacteria were carried out using standard microbiological methods. A total of sixteen samples were collected from four sources of water which included pipeborne water, well water, stream water and rain water. A total of thirty bacteria belonging to six genera were isolated from the various water samples. The total viable count ranged from 1.1 x 106 to 4.1 x 106 from the various water sample collected. The highest count was observed in stream water collected from Ago-Iwoye with 4.1 x 106 while the lowest viable count was observed in pipe borne water collected from Ijebu-Igbo with 1.1 x 106. The total coliform count ranged from 1.1 x 105 to 3.2 x 105 from the various water sample. The highest count was observed in stream water collected from Ijebu-Igbo with 3.2 x 105 while the lowest count was observed in pipe borne water collected from Ago-Iwoye with 1.1 x 105. The bacteria organisms isolated in their decreasing order are Escherichia coli, 8 (13.4%), Staphylococcus aureus, 5 (16.7%), Salmonella spp., 5 (16.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4 (13.4%), Shigella spp., (13.4%) and Bacillus spp., 4 (13.4%). The microbial analysis showed that pipe borne water though contained some microorganisms, it is safer for drinking than other sources of water sampled in this study. Other source of water should be treated before consumption while protection and management of water should be put in place in order to improve the quality of water supply. 

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