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DETECTION OF AFLATOXINS IN MAIZE AND RICE USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) METHOD
Categories
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives 4
1.2.1 Specific Aim 4
1.2.2 General Objectives 4
1.3 Justification of the Study 5
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review 6
2.1 What are Aflatoxins? 6
2.2 History of Aflatoxin 7
2.3 Factors Promoting Contamination of Aflatoxin 8
2.4 Aflatoxin in Maize 13
2.5 Aflatoxin in Rice 16
2.6 Management of Aflatoxin in Maize and Rice 17
CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods 19
3.1 Sample Collection 19
3.2 Sterilization of Glassware 19
3.3 Media Preparation 19
3.4 Isolation of Fungi 20
3.5 Identification of fungi 20
3.6 Determination of Moisture Content and pH of Samples 21
3.6.1 Moisture Content 21
3.6.2 pH Content 21
3.6.3 Assay for Aflatoxins in Samples 21
3.7 Statistical Analysis 22
CHAPTER FOUR: Results 23
CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations 36
5.1 Discussion 36
5.2 Conclusion 38
5.3 Recommendations 39
References 40
Appendices 46
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
4.1 Fungal Load (cfu/g) in Maize and Rice Samples 24
4.2 Morphological, Cultural and Microscopic Characteristics of Fungi Isolates
from Maize and Rice Samples 26
4.3 Fungal Isolates from associated with each samples 29
4.4 Frequency and Percentage Occurrence of Fungi 31
4.5 Moisture Content of Maize and Rice Sample 32
4.6 pH of Maize and Rice Sample 33
4.7 Aflatoxin Concentration in Maize Sample 34
4.8 Aflatoxin Concentration in Rice Sample 35
Abstract
Afltoxin are known to be carcinogenic, therefore the consumption of food contaminated with fungi producing these toxins is of potential health risk. Ten (10) samples of raw dry maize and rice were collected randomly from Ago-Iwoye market in sterile sample bags. Fungi were isolated from the sample using standard microbiology procedure while aflatoxins were detected with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The microbial load in maize sample was in the range 3.4 – 5.2 x 103cfu/g while that of rice was 6.0 – 7.1 x 103cfu/g. The moisture content and pH was in the range 18 – 22% and 6.4 – 6.8 respectively for maize and 16 – 18% and 6.0 – 6.9 for rice. Fungi isolated and identified with their percentage occurrence were: Aspergillus flavus (27.6%), Aspergillus niger (24.1%), Fusarium spp. (17.2%), Acremonium spp. (13.8%), Aspergillus parasiticus (10.3%) and Aspergillus tamarii 6.9%). Aflatoxin B1 was not detected in both maize and rice samples while aflatoxin B2 had the highest concentration of 154.83µg/kg in maize followed by G1 with 132.75µg/kg. For rice, the aflatoxin with the highest concentration was G2 with 51.92 µg/kg followed by B2 with 47.39 µg/kg. This research has showed that some maize and rice retailed in Ago-Iwoye contains aflatoxins which are of potential health hazard to consumers of these foods.
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