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DETECTION OF AFLATOXINS IN MAIZE AND RICE USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) METHOD

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Table of contents

 

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                                     1 

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                                1 

1.2       Aim and Objectives                                                                                                    4 

1.2.1    Specific Aim                                                                                                               4 

1.2.2    General Objectives                                                                                                     4 

1.3       Justification of the Study                                                                                            5 

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review                                                                                     6 

2.1       What are Aflatoxins?                                                                                                  6 

2.2       History of Aflatoxin                                                                                                   7 

2.3       Factors Promoting Contamination of Aflatoxin                                                         8 

2.4       Aflatoxin in Maize                                                                                                     13 

2.5       Aflatoxin in Rice                                                                                                        16 

2.6       Management of Aflatoxin in Maize and Rice                                                             17 

CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods                                                                         19 

3.1       Sample Collection                                                                                                      19 

3.2       Sterilization of Glassware                                                                                          19 

3.3       Media Preparation                                                                                                      19 

3.4       Isolation of Fungi                                                                                                       20 

3.5       Identification of fungi                                                                                                 20 

3.6       Determination of Moisture Content and pH of Samples                                            21 

3.6.1    Moisture Content                                                                                                        21 

3.6.2    pH Content                                                                                                                 21 

3.6.3    Assay for Aflatoxins in Samples                                                                                21 

3.7       Statistical Analysis                                                                                                     22 

CHAPTER FOUR: Results                                                                                                    23 

CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations                                      36 

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   36 

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  38 

5.3       Recommendations                                                                                                      39 

References                                                                                                                              40 

Appendices                                                                                                                             46 



 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table              Title                                                                                                    Page 

4.1       Fungal Load (cfu/g) in Maize and Rice Samples                                           24 

4.2       Morphological, Cultural and Microscopic Characteristics of Fungi Isolates 

            from Maize and Rice Samples                                                                       26 

4.3       Fungal Isolates from associated with each samples                                       29 

4.4       Frequency and Percentage Occurrence of Fungi                                            31 

4.5       Moisture Content of Maize and Rice Sample                                                32 

4.6       pH of Maize and Rice Sample                                                                        33 

4.7       Aflatoxin Concentration in Maize Sample                                                     34 

4.8       Aflatoxin Concentration in Rice Sample                                                        35 

Abstract

 

Afltoxin are known to be carcinogenic, therefore the consumption of food contaminated with fungi producing these toxins is of potential health risk. Ten (10) samples of raw dry maize and rice were collected randomly from Ago-Iwoye market in sterile sample bags. Fungi were isolated from the sample using standard microbiology procedure while aflatoxins were detected with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The microbial load in maize sample was in the range 3.4 – 5.2 x 103cfu/g while that of rice was 6.0 – 7.1 x 103cfu/g. The moisture content and pH was in the range 18 – 22% and 6.4 – 6.8 respectively for maize and 16 – 18% and 6.0 – 6.9 for rice. Fungi isolated and identified with their percentage occurrence were: Aspergillus flavus (27.6%), Aspergillus niger (24.1%), Fusarium spp. (17.2%), Acremonium spp. (13.8%), Aspergillus parasiticus (10.3%) and Aspergillus tamarii 6.9%). Aflatoxin B1 was not detected in both maize and rice samples while aflatoxin B2 had the highest concentration of 154.83µg/kg in maize followed by G1 with 132.75µg/kg. For rice, the aflatoxin with the highest concentration was G2 with 51.92 µg/kg followed by B2 with 47.39 µg/kg. This research has showed that some maize and rice retailed in Ago-Iwoye contains aflatoxins which are of potential health hazard to consumers of these foods. 

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