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EFFECTS OF HARUNGANA MADAGASCARIENSIS AGAINST SELECTED FOODBORNE FUNGI

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Table of contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                                                                     vii

LIST OF TABLES                                                                                                                x

LIST OF FIGURES                                                                                                              xi

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                                   1

1.1 Introduction                                                                                                                      1

1.2       Aims and Objectives                                                                                                   5

CHAPTER TWO                                                                                                                  7

Literature review                                                                                                                    

2.1       Harungana madagascariensis                                                                                    7

2.1.1    Species Identity                                                                                                          7

2.1.1.1Taxonomy                                                                                                                    7

2.1.1.2 Common Names                                                                                                         7

2.1.1.3 Botanic Description                                                                                                    7

2.1.2    Ecology and Distribution                                                                                           8

2.1.2.1 Natural Habitat                                                                                                           8

2.1.2.2 Geographical Distribution                                                                                          8

2.1.2.3 Reproductive Biology                                                                                                 8

2.1.3    Functional Uses                                                                                                          9

2.2       Food as a Substance                                                                                                  10

2.3       Spoilage of Food                                                                                                        10

2.3.1    Causes of Food Spoilage                                                                                           11

2.3.2    Effects/ Consequences of Food Spoilage                                                                  14

2.4       Foodborne Illness                                                                                                      14

2.5       Foodborne Fungi                                                                                                       15

2.5.1    Macroscopic Characteristics of Foodborne Fungi                                                     16

2.5.2    Physiological Characteristics of Foodborne Fungi                                                   16

2.6       Fungal Enzymatic Activity on Foods                                                                        17

2.7       Mycotoxin Production in Foods                                                                                18

2.8       Fungi Responsible For Spoilage in Foods                                                                  20

CHAPTER THREE                                                                                                              22

Materials and Methods                                                                                                           

3.1       Collection of Plant Materials                                                                                    22

3.2       Fungal Organisms                                                                                                      22

3.3       Preparation of Plant Extracts                                                                                     22

3.3.1    Ethanol Extract                                                                                                          23

3.3.2    Chloroform Extract                                                                                                   23

3.3.3    Water Extract                                                                                                             24

3.4       Sterilization of Glass- wares                                                                                       24

3.5       Media Preparation                                                                                                      24

3.6       Antifungal Susceptibility                                                                                           24

3.7       Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration                                               25

CHAPTER FOUR

Results                                                                                                                                    26

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion and Conclusion                                                                                                    45

REFERENCES                                                                                                                     48

APPENDIX                                                                                                                           59 

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: The Average Result of the Extracts at 50mg/ml Concentration                  29

Table 2: The Average Result of the Extracts at 100mg/ml Concentration                31

Table 3: The Average Result of the Extracts at 150mg/ml Concentration                33

Table 4: The Average Result of the Extracts at 200mg/ml Concentration after     35

Table 5: Antifungal Activity of Different Extracts of Harungana

 madagascariensis on Foodborne Isolates                                                                  37

Table 6: Antifungal Activity (%) of Different Extracts of Harungana

 madagascariensis on Foodborne Isolates                                                                  59

Table 7: Antifungal Activity of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Harungana

 madagascariensis on Foodborne Fungi.                                                                    60

Table 8: Antifungal Activity of ChloroformLeaf Extract of Harungana

madagascariensis on Foodborne Fungi.                                                                     61

Table 9: Antifungal Activity of Distilled Water Leaf Extract of Harungana 

madagascariensis on Foodborne Fungi.                                                                     62

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Antifungal Activity of H. madagascariensis Ethanol

Extract against Foodborne Fungi after 96 hours of incubation.                                 39        

Fig2.    Antifungal Activity of H. madagascariensis Chloroform

Extract against Foodborne Fungi after 96 hours of incubation.                                 40

Fig3.    Antifungal Activity of H. madagascariensis Aqueous 

Extract against Foodborne Fungi after 96 hours of incubation.                                 41

Fig4     Mean of Zones of Inhibition of Test Organism Induced by the

Aqueous Extract of Harungana madagascariensis after 96hrs of Incubation.      42

Fig5     Mean of Zones of Inhibition of Test Organism Induced by the Chloroform

Leaf Extract of Harungana madagascariensis after 96hrs of Incubation.                  43

Fig6     Mean of Zones of Inhibition of Test Organism Induced by the Ethanol

Leaf Extract of Harungana madagascariensis after 96hrs of Incubation.                  44

Abstract

Food safety and security are important issues globally. Consequently, search for biological and biochemical control of such microorganisms is on the increase. In this report, the chloroform, ethanol and water extracts of the leaves of Harungana madagascariensis were investigated for antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer (bread), Aspergillus niger (tomato), Fusarium verticilloides (vegetable), Penicillium chrysogenum (cereals), Penicillium oxalicum (cereals), Trichoderma sp (maize), Rhizopus nigricans (bread)Aspergillus flavus (bakery product) and Aspergillus versicolor (meat). The antifungal assay was carried out using standard procedures. The ethanol leaf extract was the most competent of the extraction solvents because it produced the highest zone of inhibition on the test organisms at different concentrations, moderate activity was exhibited by water extract while chloroform extract exhibited the least activity against the test organisms. Rhizopus stolonifer registered the highest diameter of zones of inhibition (72mm, >75%) of all the extracts used and therefore was very sensitive to the active components of the plant’s leaf extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration value of the extracts on the organisms ranged between 100mg/ml-200mg/ml after 72 hours of incubation. The significant activity exhibited by H. madagascariensis leaf extract against R. stolonifer indicates a possible treatment for stomach cramps and inability to interfere with the medication given to immunosuppressed individual. Also, the plant extract can be used as preservatives due to the fact that it was found to possess antimicrobial activity against the test organisms often implicated in the spoilage of foods and foodborne illnesses. This is in line with the local use of the leaves of H. madagascariensis as anti-haemorrhagic agent and synthetic antibiotics. 

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