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EFFECTS OF HARUNGANA MADAGASCARIENSIS AGAINST SELECTED FOODBORNE FUNGI
Categories
Table of contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Aims and Objectives 5
CHAPTER TWO 7
Literature review
2.1 Harungana madagascariensis 7
2.1.1 Species Identity 7
2.1.1.1Taxonomy 7
2.1.1.2 Common Names 7
2.1.1.3 Botanic Description 7
2.1.2 Ecology and Distribution 8
2.1.2.1 Natural Habitat 8
2.1.2.2 Geographical Distribution 8
2.1.2.3 Reproductive Biology 8
2.1.3 Functional Uses 9
2.2 Food as a Substance 10
2.3 Spoilage of Food 10
2.3.1 Causes of Food Spoilage 11
2.3.2 Effects/ Consequences of Food Spoilage 14
2.4 Foodborne Illness 14
2.5 Foodborne Fungi 15
2.5.1 Macroscopic Characteristics of Foodborne Fungi 16
2.5.2 Physiological Characteristics of Foodborne Fungi 16
2.6 Fungal Enzymatic Activity on Foods 17
2.7 Mycotoxin Production in Foods 18
2.8 Fungi Responsible For Spoilage in Foods 20
CHAPTER THREE 22
Materials and Methods
3.1 Collection of Plant Materials 22
3.2 Fungal Organisms 22
3.3 Preparation of Plant Extracts 22
3.3.1 Ethanol Extract 23
3.3.2 Chloroform Extract 23
3.3.3 Water Extract 24
3.4 Sterilization of Glass- wares 24
3.5 Media Preparation 24
3.6 Antifungal Susceptibility 24
3.7 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 25
CHAPTER FOUR
Results 26
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion and Conclusion 45
REFERENCES 48
APPENDIX 59
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The Average Result of the Extracts at 50mg/ml Concentration 29
Table 2: The Average Result of the Extracts at 100mg/ml Concentration 31
Table 3: The Average Result of the Extracts at 150mg/ml Concentration 33
Table 4: The Average Result of the Extracts at 200mg/ml Concentration after 35
Table 5: Antifungal Activity of Different Extracts of Harungana
madagascariensis on Foodborne Isolates 37
Table 6: Antifungal Activity (%) of Different Extracts of Harungana
madagascariensis on Foodborne Isolates 59
Table 7: Antifungal Activity of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Harungana
madagascariensis on Foodborne Fungi. 60
Table 8: Antifungal Activity of ChloroformLeaf Extract of Harungana
madagascariensis on Foodborne Fungi. 61
Table 9: Antifungal Activity of Distilled Water Leaf Extract of Harungana
madagascariensis on Foodborne Fungi. 62
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Antifungal Activity of H. madagascariensis Ethanol
Extract against Foodborne Fungi after 96 hours of incubation. 39
Fig2. Antifungal Activity of H. madagascariensis Chloroform
Extract against Foodborne Fungi after 96 hours of incubation. 40
Fig3. Antifungal Activity of H. madagascariensis Aqueous
Extract against Foodborne Fungi after 96 hours of incubation. 41
Fig4 Mean of Zones of Inhibition of Test Organism Induced by the
Aqueous Extract of Harungana madagascariensis after 96hrs of Incubation. 42
Fig5 Mean of Zones of Inhibition of Test Organism Induced by the Chloroform
Leaf Extract of Harungana madagascariensis after 96hrs of Incubation. 43
Fig6 Mean of Zones of Inhibition of Test Organism Induced by the Ethanol
Leaf Extract of Harungana madagascariensis after 96hrs of Incubation. 44
Abstract
Food safety and security are important issues globally. Consequently, search for biological and biochemical control of such microorganisms is on the increase. In this report, the chloroform, ethanol and water extracts of the leaves of Harungana madagascariensis were investigated for antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer (bread), Aspergillus niger (tomato), Fusarium verticilloides (vegetable), Penicillium chrysogenum (cereals), Penicillium oxalicum (cereals), Trichoderma sp (maize), Rhizopus nigricans (bread), Aspergillus flavus (bakery product) and Aspergillus versicolor (meat). The antifungal assay was carried out using standard procedures. The ethanol leaf extract was the most competent of the extraction solvents because it produced the highest zone of inhibition on the test organisms at different concentrations, moderate activity was exhibited by water extract while chloroform extract exhibited the least activity against the test organisms. Rhizopus stolonifer registered the highest diameter of zones of inhibition (72mm, >75%) of all the extracts used and therefore was very sensitive to the active components of the plant’s leaf extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration value of the extracts on the organisms ranged between 100mg/ml-200mg/ml after 72 hours of incubation. The significant activity exhibited by H. madagascariensis leaf extract against R. stolonifer indicates a possible treatment for stomach cramps and inability to interfere with the medication given to immunosuppressed individual. Also, the plant extract can be used as preservatives due to the fact that it was found to possess antimicrobial activity against the test organisms often implicated in the spoilage of foods and foodborne illnesses. This is in line with the local use of the leaves of H. madagascariensis as anti-haemorrhagic agent and synthetic antibiotics.
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