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EXAMINATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF METABOLITE FROM SELECTED ENDOPHYTES OF ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE

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Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                       1

1.1      Introduction                                                                                    1

1.2      Statement of Problem                                                                      4

1.3      Justification of the Study                                                                 4

1.4      Aim of the Study                                                                             4

1.5      Objectives of the Study                                                                   4

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review                                                         6

2.1       Botanical Description and Importance of Anacardium occidentale                 6

2.2       Secondary Metabolite                                                                                     8

2.2.1    Screening for Secondary Metabolites of Microorganisms                             10

2.2.2    Primary Screening                                                                                          10

2.2.3    Chemical Screening                                                                                        10

2.2.4    Biological Screening                                                                                      11

2.2.5    Pharmacological Screening                                                                            12

2.2.6    Secondary Screening                                                                                      12

2.2.7    Isolation of the Pure Substances                                                                     13

2.2.8    Structural Determination of the Isolated Metabolites                                    14

2.2.9    Pharmacological Investigation of the Isolated Metabolites                           15

2.2.10  Modification of the Isolated Secondary Metabolites                                     15

2.3       Endophytes Microbes                                                                                     16

2.4       Plant colonization by endophytic fungi                                                          18

2.5       Relationship between plant and endophyte                                                    20

CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS                                              23

3.1       Collection of Samples                                                                                    23

3.2       Materials and Apparatus                                                                                 23

3.3       Media Preparation                                                                                          23

3.4       Preparation of Anacardium occidentale stem bark                                        24

3.5       Morphological Characterization                                                                    24

3.6       Biochemical Test                                                                                            25

3.6.1    Catalase Test                                                                                                   25

3.6.2    Citrate Utilization Test                                                                                   25

3.6.3    Oxidase test                                                                                                    25

3.6.4    Coagulase test                                                                                                 25

3.7       Tested Organisms                                                                                           26

3.8.      Examination of Antimicrobial Activities                                                       26

3.8.1    Agar Diffusion Assay                                                                                     26

CHAPTER FOUR: Results                                                                        27

CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion and Conclusion                                            34

5.1      Discussion                                                                                      34

5.2      Conclusion                                                                                     36

References                                                                                               38

LIST OF TABLES

Table   Title                                                                                                                             Page

1          Frequency and Percentage of Endophytic microorganisms (bacteria and 

            fungi) in Anacardium occidentale.                                                                             29

2          Morphological Characteristics of Endophytic Bacteria                                             30

3          Morphological Characteristics of Endophytic Fungi                                                 31

4          Biochemical Characteristics of the Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from                           Anacadium occidentale Stem Bark                                                                            32

5          Inhibition of Endophytic microorganism (bacteria and fungi) isolated            

            from Anarcadium occidentale on tested organisms                                                   33

Abstract

Endophytes are microorganisms that live inside the host plant tissues which have novel metabolites exhibiting a variety of biological activities against different pathogens. This study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial properties of metabolite from selected endophytes of Anacardium occidentale. Fifteen (15) endophitic bacteria and fungi were isolated from the stem bark of Anacardium occidentale. The isolated endophitic bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=3), Staphylococcus aereus (n=3), Bacillus subtilis (n=3) and Escherichia coli (n=2). The isolated endophictic fungi were Aspergillus niger (n=2), Penicillum notatum (n-1) and Candida albicans (n=1). The zone of inhibition of the endophytic organisms isolated in this study on selected bacteria which include Escherichia coli, Staphlococcus aerus, Aspergillus niger and Penicillum nonatum showed that Aspergillus niger isolated from the stem bark of Anacardium occidentale inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger and penicillum notatum, Penicillium notatum does not inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger but inhibited the growth of Penicillum notatum. Escherichia coli inhibit Staphylococcus aereus and Bacillus subtilis inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aereus. Studying the endophytic population is something important due to it biotechnological application, because it has great potential against resistant pathogens.

Keywords: Anacardium occidentale, Antimicrobial, Metabolites, Endophytes.

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