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EXAMINATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF METABOLITE FROM SELECTED ENDOPHYTES OF ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE
Categories
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 4
1.3 Justification of the Study 4
1.4 Aim of the Study 4
1.5 Objectives of the Study 4
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review 6
2.1 Botanical Description and Importance of Anacardium occidentale 6
2.2 Secondary Metabolite 8
2.2.1 Screening for Secondary Metabolites of Microorganisms 10
2.2.2 Primary Screening 10
2.2.3 Chemical Screening 10
2.2.4 Biological Screening 11
2.2.5 Pharmacological Screening 12
2.2.6 Secondary Screening 12
2.2.7 Isolation of the Pure Substances 13
2.2.8 Structural Determination of the Isolated Metabolites 14
2.2.9 Pharmacological Investigation of the Isolated Metabolites 15
2.2.10 Modification of the Isolated Secondary Metabolites 15
2.3 Endophytes Microbes 16
2.4 Plant colonization by endophytic fungi 18
2.5 Relationship between plant and endophyte 20
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS 23
3.1 Collection of Samples 23
3.2 Materials and Apparatus 23
3.3 Media Preparation 23
3.4 Preparation of Anacardium occidentale stem bark 24
3.5 Morphological Characterization 24
3.6 Biochemical Test 25
3.6.1 Catalase Test 25
3.6.2 Citrate Utilization Test 25
3.6.3 Oxidase test 25
3.6.4 Coagulase test 25
3.7 Tested Organisms 26
3.8. Examination of Antimicrobial Activities 26
3.8.1 Agar Diffusion Assay 26
CHAPTER FOUR: Results 27
CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion and Conclusion 34
5.1 Discussion 34
5.2 Conclusion 36
References 38
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 Frequency and Percentage of Endophytic microorganisms (bacteria and
fungi) in Anacardium occidentale. 29
2 Morphological Characteristics of Endophytic Bacteria 30
3 Morphological Characteristics of Endophytic Fungi 31
4 Biochemical Characteristics of the Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Anacadium occidentale Stem Bark 32
5 Inhibition of Endophytic microorganism (bacteria and fungi) isolated
from Anarcadium occidentale on tested organisms 33
Abstract
Endophytes are microorganisms that live inside the host plant tissues which have novel metabolites exhibiting a variety of biological activities against different pathogens. This study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial properties of metabolite from selected endophytes of Anacardium occidentale. Fifteen (15) endophitic bacteria and fungi were isolated from the stem bark of Anacardium occidentale. The isolated endophitic bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=3), Staphylococcus aereus (n=3), Bacillus subtilis (n=3) and Escherichia coli (n=2). The isolated endophictic fungi were Aspergillus niger (n=2), Penicillum notatum (n-1) and Candida albicans (n=1). The zone of inhibition of the endophytic organisms isolated in this study on selected bacteria which include Escherichia coli, Staphlococcus aerus, Aspergillus niger and Penicillum nonatum showed that Aspergillus niger isolated from the stem bark of Anacardium occidentale inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger and penicillum notatum, Penicillium notatum does not inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger but inhibited the growth of Penicillum notatum. Escherichia coli inhibit Staphylococcus aereus and Bacillus subtilis inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aereus. Studying the endophytic population is something important due to it biotechnological application, because it has great potential against resistant pathogens.
Keywords: Anacardium occidentale, Antimicrobial, Metabolites, Endophytes.
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