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HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OCHRATOXIGENIC MOULDS AND THEIR TOXINS IN AN ANIMAL MODEL
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Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Study 2
1.2.1 Aim of the Study 2
1.2.2 Objectives of the Study 3
1.3 Significance of the Study 4
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review 5
2.1 Ochratoxins (OTA) 5
2.2 OTA Producing Fungi 8
2.3 Nature and Structure of Ochratoxins 9
2.4 Toxicology Profile of OTA 10
2.4.1 Acute toxicity 10
2.4.2 Chronic toxicity 10
2.4.3 Carcinogenesis, Teratogenesis and Genotoxicity 13
2.5 Differential Toxicity of Ochratoxin Group Members 14
2.6 Comparative Toxicity of Ochratoxin Group Members 15
2.7 Ochratoxins Occurrence in Cereal Grains 16
2.8 OTA levels in contaminated food 18
CHAPTER THREE 20
3.0 Materials and Methods 20
3.1 Collection / Isolation of Xerophilic and Ochratoxigenic Moulds 20
3.2 Characterization 20
3.3 Experimental animal 21
3.4 Preparation of Ochratoxigenic Moulds Contaminated Food 21
3.5 Feeding of the Experimental Animals 22
3.6 Sacrificing of Animals and Harvesting of Organs 23
3.7 Biochemical Tests 23
3.8 Histopathological Analysis of the Brain 24
CHAPTER FOUR 25
4.0 Results 25
4.1 Evaluation of Biochemical Characters 25
4.2 Histological Assessment of the Brain 27
4.2.1 Effect on Brain 27
CHAPTER FIVE 29
5.1 Discussion 29
5.2 Conclusion 30
References 31
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGES
4.1 Concentration of Biochemical Tests carried out on the Rats 25
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of ochratoxigenic moulds on the tissues of albino rats. This contaminant is a mycotoxin that can be found in raw materials (cereals, coffee, cocoa, spices), in processed foods (bread and other bakery products). Histopathological effect of ochratoxigenic moulds has long been documented but there is dearth of information on its effect on liver and other organs. OTA intake reduces the synthesis of albumin, while the concomitant increase in aminotransferases (ALT and alkaline phosphatase (ASP) is in agreement with the hypothesis of liver damage induced by ochratoxigenic moulds. In this study, thirty-two albino Wister rats, six months old and weighing 180-200g were used. The experiment was carried out in four groups; group one and two represented as T1 and T2 consists of eight female and male rats respectively, they served as the control group, therefore they were fed with the standard diet and clean drinking water. Group three represented as T3 consisting of eight female rats were fed with the ochratoxigenic mould contaminated feed for two weeks and group four consisting of eight male rats were treated the same. Biochemical tests were done on the blood sample to assay for Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein, aspartate aminotransferases (AST), alkaline phosphate (ALP) and albumin. Histopathological assessment was also done on the brain to examine the effect of the ochratoxigenic mould contaminated feed on these organs and it revealed that exposure to ochratoxigenic moulds affects the structural integrity and architecture of these cells. Significant increase in the level of total protein, albumin, AST, ACP, ALT and ALP for T3 and T4 compared to T1 and T2 was also recorded.
Keywords: Ochratoxigenic moulds, Albino Wister Rats, Brain
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