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ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PROFILE OF MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM WELL WATER.

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Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION                                                                                               1

1.1       Background to the Study                                                                                           1

1.2       Statement of the Problem                                                                                           3

1.3       Significance of the Study                                                                                           4

1.4       General Objective                                                                                                       4

1.5       Specific Objectives of the Study                                                                                4

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                    5

2.1       Microbial Quality of Well Water                                                                                5

2.2       Water Quality Assessment Parameters                                                                       7

2.3       Standard of Water Quality                                                                                         9

2.4       Needs for Water Supply and Sanitation                                                                     10

2.5       Waterborne Diseases                                                                                                   11

2.7       Antibiotic resistance                                                                                                   13

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                        15

3.1       Study Area                                                                                                                  15

3.2       Collection of Water Samples                                                                                      15

3.3       Materials and Methods                                                                                               15

3.4       Sterilization of Glassware                                                                                           15

3.4.1    Physical and Chemical Analysis of the Water Samples                                              16

3.5       Microbiological Analysis                                                                                            17

3.5.1    Morphological Characteristics                                                                        17

3.6       Biochemical Tests                                                                                                       18

3.6.1    Microscopic Identification of Bacteria Isolates Gram Staining                                 18

3.6.2    Catalase Test                                                                                                               18

3.6.3    Oxidase Test                                                                                                               19

3.6.4    Citrate Utilisation Test                                                                                                19

3.6.5    Urease Test                                                                                                                 20

3.6.6    Methyl Red Test                                                                                                         20

3.7       Antibiotic Testing                                                                                                       20

3.7.1    Preparation of Inoculum                                                                                             21

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS                                                                                              22

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS        33

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                 33

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  36

References                                                                                                                            38

LIST OF TABLES

Table              Title                                                                                                    Pages

1          Observation Made on Site                                                                                          24

2          Physiochemical Parameters of Well Water Sample                                                    25

3          Microbial Load of Well Water Sample                                                                       26

4          Morphological Characteristics of Bacteria from the Sampled Well                           27

5          Biochemical Characterization of Bacteria Isolates from Well Water Samples           28

6          Isolation Rate of Bacterial Isolated from Well water samples                          29

7          Zone of Inhibition of Gram Negative Bacterial Isolates from Well Water 

            Samples                                                                                                                       31

 

8          Zone of Inhibition of Gram Positive Bacterial Isolates from Well Water 

            Samples                                                                                                                       32

Abstract

The aim of this study was investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of microorganisms isolated from well water.  Contamination of drinking water due to mismanagement of human and animal waste, household and waste water as a result of rapid unplanned urbanization is on the rise and there is increased incidences of antibiotic resistance which could lead to devastation epidemics . Ten (10) isolates belonging to seven genera were isolated from the ten well water sampled in Ijebu area of Ogun State. The genera isolates were Escherichia coli (n=4, 40%), Staphylococcus aureus (n=1, 10%), Bacillus sp. (n=1, 10%), Klebsiella spp. (n=2, 20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=1, 10%) and Shigella spp (n=1, 10%). Escherichia coli were the most isolated (n=4, 40%) while Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., Shigella and Salmonella spp. was the least isolate. It was revealed that all the isolates (Klebsiella sp. Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were resistant to Perfloxacin. Klebsiella sp and Shigella sp.were resistant to Gentamycin, All the isolates were resistant to Ampiclox except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Klesiella sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to Zinacef. Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli were resistant to Rocephin and Septrin and Klebsiella sp. Shigella sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to Erythromycin. The total viable count of the samples ranged from 1.1 x 103 cfu/ml to 3.0 x 103 cfu/ml. The total coliform count of the samples ranged from 1.6 x 103 cfu/ml to 3.2 x 103 cfu/ml. This exceeded the recommended limit (<500 cfu/ml) and shows that the wells contain very high level of microbial contaminant that make water obtained from them a threat to public health. Good and proper personal and environmental sanitary practices must be maintained in and around the wells and boiling well water before being used for drinking purposes and also the use of filters would also go a long way to prevent incidence of water- borne diseases

Keywords: Antimicrobial, Resistance, Microorganisms, Well Water 

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