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INVESTIGATION ON THE INACTIVATION OF ESBL ENZYMES ON MORINGA LEAF (Moringa oleifera) SCENT LEAF (Ocimum gratissimum) AND BITTER LEAF (Vernonia amygdalina)
Categories
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Aim and Objective of the Study 4
1.2.1 Aim of the Study 4
1.2.2 Objectives of the Study 4
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review 5
2.1 ESBL definition and classification 5
2.1.1 SHV type 5
2.1.2. TEM type 6
2.1.3 CTX type 7
2.1.4 OXA type 8
2.1.5 PER type 9
2.1.6 GES type 9
2.1.7 VEB-1, BES-1, and other ESBL type 10
2.2 The Genus Ocimum 10
2.2.1 Description of Ocimum gratissimum 12
2.2.2 Composition of Aqueous Extract of Ocimum gratissimum 13
2.3 The Genus Vernonia 13
2.3.1 Description of Vernonia amygdalina 14
2.4 Moringa Oleifera 17
CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods 20
3.1 Study Area 20
3.2 Test Samples and Method of Collection 20
3.3 Collection and identification of the plant materials 20
3.4 Extraction of active components from plant materials 21
3.5 Examination of Isolates for Multi-antibiotic resistance and ESβL-production 21
3.6 Effects of plant extracts on extended spectrum β-lactamase producing bacteria 22
3.7 Dilution of plant materials 22
3.8 Test isolates 22
3.9 Antibacterial susceptibility testing of the plant extracts 22
CHAPTER FOUR: Results 24
CHAPTER FIVE 32
5.1 Discussion 32
5.2 Conclusion 34
References 35
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Pages
1 Morphology and characterization of test organisms 26
2 Biochemical reaction of the test organisms 27
3 Inhibitory zones of the test organisms on extract at different
Concentration 28
4 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 29
5 Minimum Bactericidal Concentration 30
6 Correlation between the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration 31
Abstract
The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria isolates make many serious infections and due to their resistant to common antibiotic, plants extract are considered as alternate source of drug for inhibiting their growth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inactivation of ESBL enzymes on moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera) scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina). A total number of 10 organisms were used in this study; these were Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella oxytoca. All the organisms were inhibited at 100, 50, 25, and 2.5mg/ml, except Klebsiella oxytoca that was inhibited at 100mg/ml only while Lactococcus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed inhibition at all concentrations. However, Salmonella spp. and E. coli had their MBC at 6.25mg/ml; P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris had their MBC at 12.5mg/ml; S. mercescens at 3.13mg/ml; Pseudomonas and K. pneumoniae at 0.2mg/ml and Klebsilla oxytoca at 100mg/ml; indicating that it is not bactericidal at any concentration lesser than 100mg/ml. The correlation between the MIC and MBC shows that each isolate at a particular MIC its MBC is greater than 100mg/ml. For instance, Salmonella sp. at MIC of 6.25mg/ml has its MBC greater 100mg/ml. This study has shown that medicinal plant extracts possess active ingredients capable of inhibiting growth of ESβL – producing bacteria, therefore they are possible sources of raw materials that could be used to produce novel antibiotics which could be used to treat ESβL bacterial infections.
Keywords: ESBL, Moringa Leaf, Scent Leaf, Bitter Leaf, ESBL enzymes.
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