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INVESTIGATION ON THE INACTIVATION OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASES USING VERNONIA AMYGDALINA (BITTER LEAF)
Categories
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Aim and Objective of the Study 5
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review 6
2.1 Vernonia amygdalina Del. (V. amygdalina) 6
2.2 Extended-spectrum 𝛽-lactamases 12
2.3 Beta Lactams 14
2.4 Classification of Beta-Lactamases 15
2.4.1 Group I (Ambler Class C) beta-lactamases (also known as AmpC enzymes) 15
2.4.2 Group 2 (Ambler Class A) enzymes 16
2.4.3 Group 3 (Ambler Class B) enzymes 16
2.5 Types of ESBLs 17
2.6 ESBL Producing Organisms 19
2.6.1 Enterobacteriaceae 19
2.6.2 E.coli and Klebsiella species 23
2.6.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 24
2.6.4 Acinetobacter Species 25
2.7 Prevention and Control Management of ESBL 26
2.8 Treatment and Management of ESBL Infection 27
CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods 29
3.1 Study Area 29
3.2 Test Samples and Method of Collection 29
3.3 Collection and identification of the plant materials 29
3.4 Extraction of active components from plant materials 30
3.5 Examination of Isolates for Multi-antibiotic resistance and ESβL-
production 30
3.6 Effects of plant extracts on extended spectrum β-lactamase producing
bacteria 31
3.7 Dilution of plant materials 32
3.8 Test isolates 32
3.9 Antibacterial susceptibility testing of the plant extracts 32
CHAPTER FOUR: Results 34
CHAPTER FIVE 42
5.1 Discussion 42
5.2 Conclusion and Recommendation 44
References 46
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table Title Pages
1 Morphology and characterization of test organisms 36
2 Biochemical reaction of the test organisms 37
3 Inhibitory zones of the test organisms on extract at different concentration 38
4 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 39
5 Minimum Bactericidal Concentration 40
6 Correlation between the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration 41
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Title Page
1 Photos of V. amygdalina. 1a. V. amygdalina shrub. 1b. 1c. Flower
of V. amygdalina. 1d. Leaves of V. amygdalina. amygdalina. 1d.
Leaves of V. amygdalina. 11
Abstract
The antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina was performed against ESBL producing organisms obtained from Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos state which included Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella typhi, Proteus merabilis, Proteus vulgarius and Klebsiella oxytoca. The various inhibitory zone of the organisms at different concentration of the bitter leaf extract (6.2mg, 12.5mg, 25mg, 50mg, 100mg). Escherichia coli Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae had the highest zone of inhibition 21mm at 100mg, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 19mm at 100mg, Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. 18mm at 100mg. All the isolates showed zone of inhibition at 50mg and 25mg but Pseudomonas spp., Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vugaris had no clear zone at 12.5mg. Only four organisms, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens and Salmonella typhi had zone of inhibition at 6.2mg. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the organisms at different concentrations of extract (100mg/ml – 0.20mg/ml). The MIC and MBC increase as the concentration increases. However, Escherichia showed highest susceptibility to the extract with 100mg/ml>100mg/ml while the least susceptible was Serratia marcescens with 3.13mg/ml>100mg/ml. Since it has been proved that the extract of V. amygdalina inhibit ESBL producing organisms at difference concentration, it could be used as broad spectrum antibiotics in the treatment of infections since it has antimicrobial activity.
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