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INVITRO ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Allium cepa (ONION) AND Myristica fragrans (NUTMEG) ON THE FUNGI FROM Citrullus vulgaris schrad (OGIRI)

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Table of contents

 

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION                                                                                               1 

1.1       Background to the Study                                                                                           1 

1.2       Statement of the Problem                                                                                           3 

1.3       Justification of the Study                                                                                           4 

1.4       Aim of the Study                                                                                                        5 

1.5       Objectives of the Study                                                                                              5 

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                    6 

2.1       Citrullus vulgaris (Melon)                                                                                           6 

2.1.1    Chemical Constituents of Citrullus vulgaris                                                               

2.1.2    Microbial Spoilage of Citrullus vulgaris                                                                     9 

2.1.3    Nutritional Benefits and Medicinal Importance of Citrullus vulgaris                        12 

2.1.4    Antimicrobial Activities of Melon                                                                              14 

2.1.5    Spoilage Fungi of Citrullus vulgaris                                                                           16 

2.2       Onion Allium cepa                                                                                                      18 

2.2.1    Nutritional Properties and Major Phytochemical Constituents of 

Onion                                                                                                                          22 

2.2.2    Antifungal Properties of Onion                                                                                  23 

2.3       Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg)                                                                                      25 

2.3.1    Antifungal Properties of Myristica fragrans                                                               26 

CHAPTER THREE                                                                                                                27 

3.0       Material and Methods                                                                                                 27 

3.1       Collection of Samples                                                                                                 27 

3.2       Preparation of Culture Media                                                                                     27 

3.3       Preparation of Sample: Fermented Melon (Ogiri)                                                      28 

3.4       Isolation and Identification of Moulds                                                                      28 

3.5       Preparation of Crude Extracts of Spices                                                                    28 

3.5.1    Aqueous Extraction                                                                                                    28 

3.5.2    Ethanolic Extraction                                                                                                   29 

3.6       pH determination                                                                                                        29 

3.7       Determination of Antifungal Activity                                                                                    30 

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS                                                                                              32 

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION                                                   51 

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   51 

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  57 

References                                                                                                                              58 



 

LIST OF TABLES 

TABLE          TITLE                                                                                                PAGES 

1          Frequency of isolation of different fungi Species from fermented melon     

 (ogiri) Citrullus vulgaris. Schard.                                                                               32 

2          pH Determination of Fermented Melon (Ogiri) Citrullus vulgaris

Schard. purchased at ago-iwoye main market, ogun state                                          36 

3          Days for Aqueous Extract                                                                                          37 

4          Days for Ethanol Extract                                                                                            39 

5          Descriptive Concentration for Aqueous Extract                                                        41 

6          Descriptive Concentration for Ethanol Extract                                                          43 

7          T test showing the difference between Growth inhibition of aqueous 

and ethanol extract                                                                                                     47 

Abstract

 

The study evaluated antifungal potential of Alliun cepa (onion) and Mystical fragans (nutmeg) against fungi isolated from rotten fermented Citrullus vulgaris schrad (ogiri). The bulbs of Onion (Allium cepa.) and Nutmeg seeds (Mystical fragans) samples and fermented melon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.) were purchased from Ago-iwoye main market in Ogun state. The culture media employed for the microbial bioassay were Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Yeast Extract Agar (YEA) respectively. The sample of fermented melon (Ogiri) were isolated using serial dilution technique and the pure culture or isolate obtained were identified using relevant journals and text books. The identified fungi species were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochaceus and Aspergillus fumigatus.  Four different concentration of crude extract of onion (Allium cepa) and Nutmeg (Myristica fragran) were prepared into 25g, 50g, 75g, and 100g respectively.  It was discovered that Onion and nutmeg extract inhibited all the fungi isolates at different concentration. However, there was significant difference in the growth inhibition of the extract. Findings from the study also revealed that there is significant difference in the inhibition growth of the aqueous and ethanol extract of the species. This study therefore strongly supports the ethnobotanical importance of the nutmeg and onion. The antifungal activity possessed by nutmeg and onion could be helpful in preventing or slowing the progress of various oxidative stress-related diseases and infections by opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms. 

Keywords: Allium cepa (onion), Mystical fragans (nutmeg), Citrullus vulgaris schrad (ogiri), Aspergillus spp. 

Word count: 224. 

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