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INVITRO ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Allium cepa (ONION) AND Myristica fragrans (NUTMEG) ON THE FUNGI FROM Citrullus vulgaris schrad (OGIRI)
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Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 3
1.3 Justification of the Study 4
1.4 Aim of the Study 5
1.5 Objectives of the Study 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Citrullus vulgaris (Melon) 6
2.1.1 Chemical Constituents of Citrullus vulgaris 7
2.1.2 Microbial Spoilage of Citrullus vulgaris 9
2.1.3 Nutritional Benefits and Medicinal Importance of Citrullus vulgaris 12
2.1.4 Antimicrobial Activities of Melon 14
2.1.5 Spoilage Fungi of Citrullus vulgaris 16
2.2 Onion Allium cepa 18
2.2.1 Nutritional Properties and Major Phytochemical Constituents of
Onion 22
2.2.2 Antifungal Properties of Onion 23
2.3 Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) 25
2.3.1 Antifungal Properties of Myristica fragrans 26
CHAPTER THREE 27
3.0 Material and Methods 27
3.1 Collection of Samples 27
3.2 Preparation of Culture Media 27
3.3 Preparation of Sample: Fermented Melon (Ogiri) 28
3.4 Isolation and Identification of Moulds 28
3.5 Preparation of Crude Extracts of Spices 28
3.5.1 Aqueous Extraction 28
3.5.2 Ethanolic Extraction 29
3.6 pH determination 29
3.7 Determination of Antifungal Activity 30
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 32
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 51
5.1 Discussion 51
5.2 Conclusion 57
References 58
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGES
1 Frequency of isolation of different fungi Species from fermented melon
(ogiri) Citrullus vulgaris. Schard. 32
2 pH Determination of Fermented Melon (Ogiri) Citrullus vulgaris.
Schard. purchased at ago-iwoye main market, ogun state 36
3 Days for Aqueous Extract 37
4 Days for Ethanol Extract 39
5 Descriptive Concentration for Aqueous Extract 41
6 Descriptive Concentration for Ethanol Extract 43
7 T test showing the difference between Growth inhibition of aqueous
and ethanol extract 47
Abstract
The study evaluated antifungal potential of Alliun cepa (onion) and Mystical fragans (nutmeg) against fungi isolated from rotten fermented Citrullus vulgaris schrad (ogiri). The bulbs of Onion (Allium cepa.) and Nutmeg seeds (Mystical fragans) samples and fermented melon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.) were purchased from Ago-iwoye main market in Ogun state. The culture media employed for the microbial bioassay were Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Yeast Extract Agar (YEA) respectively. The sample of fermented melon (Ogiri) were isolated using serial dilution technique and the pure culture or isolate obtained were identified using relevant journals and text books. The identified fungi species were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochaceus and Aspergillus fumigatus. Four different concentration of crude extract of onion (Allium cepa) and Nutmeg (Myristica fragran) were prepared into 25g, 50g, 75g, and 100g respectively. It was discovered that Onion and nutmeg extract inhibited all the fungi isolates at different concentration. However, there was significant difference in the growth inhibition of the extract. Findings from the study also revealed that there is significant difference in the inhibition growth of the aqueous and ethanol extract of the species. This study therefore strongly supports the ethnobotanical importance of the nutmeg and onion. The antifungal activity possessed by nutmeg and onion could be helpful in preventing or slowing the progress of various oxidative stress-related diseases and infections by opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms.
Keywords: Allium cepa (onion), Mystical fragans (nutmeg), Citrullus vulgaris schrad (ogiri), Aspergillus spp.
Word count: 224.
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