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PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF FRESH AND FERMENTED GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUUM) ON SIX CLINICAL BACTERIA
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Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Aims and Objective 3
CHAPTER TWO 4
2.0 Literature Review 4
2.1 Plant as Natural Medicine 4
2.2 Brief Historiography and Properties of Garlic 5
2.2.1 Physical Properties of Garlic 6
2.2.2 Medicinal Properties of Garlic 8
2.2.3 The Chemistry of Garlic 10
2.3 Benefits of Garlic Consumption in Relation to Human Health 11
2.3.1 Garlic and Cardiovascular Health 11
2.3.2 High Blood Pressure and Garlic Therapy 13
2.3.3 Garlic as Natural Blood Thinner 15
2.3.4 Garlic as Natural Immunity Booster 16
2.3.5 Garlic in Cancer Treatment and Prevention 17
2.3.6 Blood Sugar and Garlic 18
2.4 Reported Antimicrobial Activities of Garlic 19
2.4.1 Garlic and Bacterial Infection 19
2.4.2 Garlic and Viral Infections 20
2.4.3 Garlic and Fungal Infection 21
2.4.4 Garlic and Yeast Infection 22
2.5 Bacterial Species 23
2.5.1 Proteus mirabilis 23
2.5.2 Signs and Symptoms 24
2.5.3 Transmission 24
2.6.1 Pseudomonas species 25
2.6.2 Resistance to Antibiotics 26
2.6.3 Diagnosis 26
2.6.4 Pathogenesis 27
2.7. Salmonellae species 27
2.8 Klebsiella pneumoniae 28
2.8.1 Clinical significance 29
2.9.Escherichia coli 30
2.9.1 History 31
2.9.2 Diversity 32
CHAPTER THREE 33
3.0 Materials and Methodology 33
3.1 Materials 33
3.2 Test Microorganisms 33
3.3 Methodology 33
3.4 Antimicrobial Assay of Fresh and Fermented Garlic Extract 34
3.5 Phytochemical Screening 35
3.5.1 Saponins 35
3.5.2 Tannins 35
3.5.3 Reducing Sugars 36
3.5.4 Glycosides 36
3.5.5 Alkaloids 36
3.5.6 Flavonoids 36
3.5.7 Volatile Oils 37
3.5.8 Terpenoids 37
CHAPTER FOUR 38
4.0 Results 38-49
CHAPTER FIVE 50
5.0 Discussion and Conclusion 50-53
REFERENCES 54-62
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the phytochemical constituents of garlic and the antimicrobial activities of fresh and fermented garlic extracts on six clinical gram negative bacterial isolates: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhii, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas species using standard extraction and microbiological procedure. The extracts were tested on the bacterial isolates at different concentrations of 12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml. The results obtained showed that extract of dried garlic at 24 hours was more potent than that of fresh 24 hours and that both fresh and dried extracts fermented had similar inhibitory effects on the clinical isolates. The zones of inhibitions (mm) of dried Allium sativuum ranged from 9.0 mm-25.0 mm at 12.5mg/ml-100mg/ml and that of fresh Allium sativuum ranged from 9.6 mm-19.5 mm and at 25mg/ml-100mg/ml. Greater antimicrobial activity was also produced when garlic extract was combined with Erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and septrim. The qualitative phytochemical screening of Allium sativuum (garlic) revealed the presence of these eight phyto-metabolites: alkaloid, anthraquinone glycosides, flavonnoid, saponin, protein, reducing sugar, carbohydrate and hydroxable saponin. The antimicrobial potential of the extract of garlic (Allium sativuum) as observed in this study is subjected to the presence of the aforementioned secondary metabolites and as such can be an alternative to conventional antibiotics in fighting agents of infection.
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