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PREVALENCE OF MULTI-DRUG RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA FROM DISINFECTED HOSPITAL SURFACES OF A GENERAL HOSPITAL, OGUN STATE, SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA
Categories
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Significant of the Study 4
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the 4
1.3.1 Aim 4
1.3.2 Objectives 4
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review 5
2.1 Banana Production 5
2.1.1 Musa acuminata 7
2.2 Ethanol: Bio-ethanol 8
2.2.1 Global Bioethanol Production 11
2.2.2 Bio-Ethanol Production in Nigeria 12
2.3 Uses of Bioethanol 13
2.4 Important factors in production of bioethanol from fruit wastes 13
2.5 Previous Studies on Production of Ethanol from Banana 16
CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods 20
3.0 Materials 20
3.1.1 Apparatus 20
3.1.2 Method 20
3.2 Extraction of Banana Starch 21
3.2.2 Test for Starch 21
3.2.3 Percentage Starch Yield 21
3.2.4 Determination pHValue (Starch) 21
3.3 Acid Hydrolysis 21
3.3.1 Glucosse Test (Fehling’s Test) 22
3.3.2 Percentage Suger Determination 22
3.4 Fermentation 23
3.5 Distillation 24
3.6 Rectification of Distillate (Ethanol) 24
3.6.1 Chemical Composition 24
3.7 Determination Of Moisture Content ( %) (Starch) 24
3.7.1 pH VALUE (Ethanol) 25
3.7.2 Combustion Test 25
3.7.3 Specific Gravitiy 25
3.8 Triodom Ethane Test 25
3.9 Methanol Test 26
CHAPTER FOUR 27
4.0 Result and Discussion 27
4.1 Test for starch 27
4.2 Determination of starch yield 27
4.3.1 pH 29
4.3.2 Glucose Test 29
4.3.3 Boiling point of ethanol 29
4.3.4 Specific gravity 29
4.3.5 Moisture Content 30
CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion and Conclusion 35
5.1 Summary 35
5.2 Conclusion 35
5.3 Recommendation 36
References 37
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
4.1 Result of the Analysis Carried out 28
4.2 FTIE (Fourier Transoform A Infrared Spectroscopy) 31
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
4.1 Graphical Representation of the FTIR Result of Ethanol 32
Abstract
Banana (Musa) is known for its nutritional value and it has been discovered banana can be used as raw material for producing bioethanol. The aim of this study is to evaluate the source of ethanol from lady finger banana (Musa acuminata) and it economic availability to small scale industry.
A 100 g of lady finger banana (Musa acuminata) was purchased peeled dissected and grinded into powdery form iodine test for the presence of starch was carried out, it was then subjected to soccharification and hydrolysis fermentation and distillation processes to obtain the ethanol, the volume of ethanol produced was noted per 100 g and the price was determined per volume. A positive blue-black colouration was obtained from the test for starch.
The results obtained from the analysis carried out on starch sample revealed the presence of starch with 27.99%. Result showed that hydrolysis liquor is a reducing sugar (mostly D-glucose). The boiling point measured for ethanol obtained from lady finger banana starch was 80oC. It is observed that the boiling point obtained for the ethanol is higher than those obtained from literature review (78.40C). This can be attributed to the physical nature of ethanol since after distillation. The specific gravity obtained was 0.836 g/mol. It is observed that the specific gravity obtained is higher than the physical specific gravity of ethanol which range between 0.789 g/mol to 0.815 g/mol. Moisture content of starch was 12.98%. FTIR indicate the functional groups present in Ethanol. Most of the absorption bands which shows N-H (Stretch) indicating Amines, O-H(Stretch) indicating carboxylic Acids, N-H Asymmetric and Symmetric (Stretch), C=O Stretch indicating Amides, C-H (Stretch), C-H (Bend), indicating Alkanes and Alkyls, C=N (Stretch), indicating Nitrites, C=C (Stretch), indicating Alkenes, Ring C=C (Stretch), indicating Aromatic Compounds, C-F (Stretch), C-Br (Stretch), C-I (Stretch), indicating Alkyl Halides, C-O (Stretch), indicating Alcohols, C-O-C Symmetric and Asymmetric (Stretch), C-O-C (Stretch), indicating Esters, and C-H (Bend ),indicating Alkynes Functional Groups.
The study implies that lady finger banana could be used to produce bioethanol effectively. In addition it can used for environmental recycling process for waste management.
Keywords: Lady Finger Banana, FTIR, Ethanol, Bioethanol.
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