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SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF RIFAMPICIN AND VERNONIA AMYGADALINA ON BACTERIAL ISOLATED FROM VENDED LOCAL DRINKS

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Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                         1

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                    2

1.2       Objectives of the Study                                                                                  5

1.3       Justification                                                                                                    5

1.4       Significance of the Study                                                                               5

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW                                                            6

2.1       Vernonia amygdalina                                                                                     6

2.2       Rifampicin                                                                                                      9

2.3       Street Vended Fruit and Diseases Outbreak                                                   11

2.4       Bacteria                                                                                                          13

2.5       Sources of Fruit Juices Contamination                                                           15

2.6       Safety and Quality of Fruit Juices                                                                  17

2.7       Health Problems of Locally Produced Beverages                                          20

2.8       Food-Borne Outbreaks                                                                                   21

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS                                             23

3.1       Sample Size                                                                                                    23

3.2       Collection of Samples                                                                                    23

3.3       Materials and Glassware                                                                                 23

3.4       Sterilization and Aseptic Techniques                                                             23

3.5       Media Used                                                                                                     24

3.6       Microbial Evaluation                                                                                      24

3.6.1    Sample Preparation                                                                                        24

3.6.2    Total Coliform Count                                                                                     25

3.6.3    Total Aerobic Plate Counts                                                                            25

3.6.4    Isolation and Purification of Bacteria                                                            25

3.7       Identification of Bacteria Isolates                                                                  26

3.7.1    Morphological Characteristics                                                                       26

3.7.2    Microscopic Examination                                                                              26

3.7.3    Biochemical Tests                                                                                          27

3.8       Test for Antibacterial Activity of V. amygdalina and Rifampicin                  30

 

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS                                                                                   32

4.1       Frequency and Percentage of Occurrence of Isolated Microorganisms from

            Zobo and Kunu Samples.                                                                               32

4.2       Total Coliform Count                                                                                     35

4.4       Morphology and Biochemical Characteristics of Isolated Organisms       37

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                                        40

5.0       Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation                                              40

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                       40

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                      43

5.3       Recommendations                                                                                          44

References                                                                                                                  45

Appendix                                                                                                                    56

Abstract

            This study investigated the synergistic effect of rifampicin and Vernonia amygadalina on bacteria isolated from vended local drinks.

            Twenty samples of zobo and kunu were randomly purchased from Ago-Iwoye and Sagamu Market in Ogun State, Nigeria and analyzed bacteriologically. Nutrient Agar was used for total viable bacterial count, MacConkey agar for total coliform count, Eosin Methylene Blue agar for isolation of Escherichia coli and Mannitol Salt Agar for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. Samples were serially diluted and plated on different media using pour plate method according to standard procedures.

            The total coliform count of Zobo and Kunu samples ranged from 1.0 x104 cfu/ml to 2.0 x106 cfu/ml. The total aerobic plate count of Zobo and Kunu samples ranged from 3.1 x 104 cfu/ml to 9.0 x106 cfu/ml. The zones of inhibition obtained for the extract of V. amygdalina on the test bacterial isolates showed the highest activity was observed in the extract against Escherichia coli. As for rifampicin, the highest activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus.

            The Presence of microorganisms can be responsible for prevalence of diarrhea, fever, nausea, and cramps in children and adult exposed to contaminated drinks. Therefore vended fruit juice should be regulated in Nigeria by NAFDAC and other food regulatory bodies, as drinks of low and below minimum safety standard is injurious to health on acute or chronic basis.

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