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SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF RIFAMPICIN AND VERNONIA AMYGADALINA ON BACTERIAL ISOLATED FROM VENDED LOCAL DRINKS
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Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Objectives of the Study 5
1.3 Justification 5
1.4 Significance of the Study 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Vernonia amygdalina 6
2.2 Rifampicin 9
2.3 Street Vended Fruit and Diseases Outbreak 11
2.4 Bacteria 13
2.5 Sources of Fruit Juices Contamination 15
2.6 Safety and Quality of Fruit Juices 17
2.7 Health Problems of Locally Produced Beverages 20
2.8 Food-Borne Outbreaks 21
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 23
3.1 Sample Size 23
3.2 Collection of Samples 23
3.3 Materials and Glassware 23
3.4 Sterilization and Aseptic Techniques 23
3.5 Media Used 24
3.6 Microbial Evaluation 24
3.6.1 Sample Preparation 24
3.6.2 Total Coliform Count 25
3.6.3 Total Aerobic Plate Counts 25
3.6.4 Isolation and Purification of Bacteria 25
3.7 Identification of Bacteria Isolates 26
3.7.1 Morphological Characteristics 26
3.7.2 Microscopic Examination 26
3.7.3 Biochemical Tests 27
3.8 Test for Antibacterial Activity of V. amygdalina and Rifampicin 30
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 32
4.1 Frequency and Percentage of Occurrence of Isolated Microorganisms from
Zobo and Kunu Samples. 32
4.2 Total Coliform Count 35
4.4 Morphology and Biochemical Characteristics of Isolated Organisms 37
CHAPTER FIVE 40
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 40
5.1 Discussion 40
5.2 Conclusion 43
5.3 Recommendations 44
References 45
Appendix 56
Abstract
This study investigated the synergistic effect of rifampicin and Vernonia amygadalina on bacteria isolated from vended local drinks.
Twenty samples of zobo and kunu were randomly purchased from Ago-Iwoye and Sagamu Market in Ogun State, Nigeria and analyzed bacteriologically. Nutrient Agar was used for total viable bacterial count, MacConkey agar for total coliform count, Eosin Methylene Blue agar for isolation of Escherichia coli and Mannitol Salt Agar for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. Samples were serially diluted and plated on different media using pour plate method according to standard procedures.
The total coliform count of Zobo and Kunu samples ranged from 1.0 x104 cfu/ml to 2.0 x106 cfu/ml. The total aerobic plate count of Zobo and Kunu samples ranged from 3.1 x 104 cfu/ml to 9.0 x106 cfu/ml. The zones of inhibition obtained for the extract of V. amygdalina on the test bacterial isolates showed the highest activity was observed in the extract against Escherichia coli. As for rifampicin, the highest activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus.
The Presence of microorganisms can be responsible for prevalence of diarrhea, fever, nausea, and cramps in children and adult exposed to contaminated drinks. Therefore vended fruit juice should be regulated in Nigeria by NAFDAC and other food regulatory bodies, as drinks of low and below minimum safety standard is injurious to health on acute or chronic basis.
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