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Isolation and characterisation of bacteria from petroleum oil contaminated soil
Categories
Table of contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem statement 1
1.2 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Literature review 4
2.1 Introduction to literature review 4
2.2 Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon 5
2.3 Factors that affect biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon 5
2.3.1 Chemistry of petroleum oil 6
2.3.2 Temperature 7
2.3.3 Nutrients 8
2.3.4 Soil characteristics 9
2.3.4.1 Moisture 9
2.3.4.2 Oxygen 10
2.3.5 Concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon 10
2.3.6 Bioavailability 11
2.4 Mechanism of Petroleum hydrocarbon degradation 13
2.4.1 Enzymes Participating in Degradation of Hydrocarbons 13
2.4.2 Strategy employed by microorganisms in uptake
of Hydrocarbons by Biosurfactants 14
2.5. Biological pathway exploited by microorganisms
during petroleum degradation 15
2.6 Negative effect of petroleum hydrocarbons
in the environment 17
2.6.1 Effect on human and animals 17
2.6.2 Effect on plants 17
2.6.3 Effect on water and marine life 19
2.7 Xenobiotics 20
2.8 Bioremediation 21
2.8.1 Bioaugmentation 22
2.8.2 Biostimulation 22
2.9 Soil microbiology 22
2.10 Isolation and characterisation techniques 22
of microorganisms 23
2.10.1 Isolation 23
2.10.2 Characteristics 23
Chapter 3 Materials and methods 26
3.1 Introduction to Materials and methods 26
3.2 Source of sample 26
3.3 Sampling 26
3.4 Plate count method 27
3.5 Characterisation 27
3.5.1 Preliminary identification of isolated bacteria 27
3.5.2 Gram staining 27
3.5.3 Cell morphology 28
3.5.4 API test 28
Chapter 4 Results 32
4.1 Introduction to Results 32
4.2 Isolation 32
4.3 Cells counts and characterization of bacterial isolates 32
4.4 Biochemical test 33
Chapter V Discussion 35
5.1 Introduction to discussion 35
5.2 Discussion 35
5.3 Conclusion 40
References 41
Appendix A 55
Appendix B 57
Appendix C 60
Tables page
Table 2.1 Enzymes involved in the degradation of
petroleum hydrocarbons 14
Table 3.1 API 20E tests with their corresponding
numerical value 29
Table 3.2 Chemical / Physical Principles – Basis
for the API 20E System 29
Table 3.3 API 20NE tests with their corresponding
numerical value 30
Table 3.4 Chemical / Physical Principles – Basis
for the API 20NE System 30
Table 4.1 Bacteria plate count of the original samples 31
Table 4.2 Characteristics of the bacteria isolates 33
Table 4.3 API 20E results 34
Table 4.4 API 20NE results 34
List of figures
Figures page
Figure 2.1 Molecular structures of hydrocarbons 6
Figure 2.2 General pathway of oxygen degradation of petroleum
hydrocarbon by microorganism 13
Figure 2.3 Enzymatic reaction involved in aerobic petroleum
hydrocarbon degradation 16
Figure 4.1 Isolates after 72 hours 32
Figure 4.2 Nutrient broth after 48 hours of incubation 33
Figure 6 API result sheets 59
List of abbreviations
PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
DCPIP Dichlorophenolindophenol
US EPA United States Environment Protection Agency
PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
16S rRNA 16 Svedberg ribosomal ribonucleic acid
NA Nutrient Agar
NB Nutrient Broth
API Analytical Profile Index
CFU Colony Forming Unit
cm centimetre
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
g gram
°C Degree Celsius
Abstract
Petroleum contaminated soil samples were collected and investigated for the presence of bacteria that can biodegrade petroleum hydrocarbons. The samples were collected from a car repair garage from the surface and at 5 cm down the surface. Both samples showed growth on Nutrient agar (NA) and Nutrient Broth (NB) supplemented with Diesel and Gasoline oils as sole carbon source. However, the surface samples had more growth compared to the 5 cm sample. Isolated strain X1, X2 and X3, were found Gram’s negative. X1 was rod and X2 and X3 were coccobacilli type. API 20E and API 20NE identified Three potent bacteria strains capable of degrading hydrocarbons from the genera Mannheimia haemolytica (X1), Sphingomonas paucimobilis (X2) and Brevundimonas vesicularis (X3). M. haemolytica had the highest growth and shortest lag phase compared to S. paucimobilis and B. vesicularis.
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