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AN UPDATE ON FUSARIUM INFECTIONS IN HUMANS
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Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.2 Pathogenicity of Fusarium sp. 1
1.3 Virulence Factors 7
1.4 Prevalence of Fusarium spp. 8
CHAPTER TWO 9
2.1 Epidemiology and Clinical Spectrum of Fusariosis 9
2.2 Fusarium Infections in Humans 10
2.2.1 Clinical Manifestations of Fusariosis in Humans 11
2.2.2 Disseminated Infection 15
2.2.3 Host Defenses 16
CHAPTER THREE 18
3.1 Mycotoxins caused by fusarium spp. 18
3.2 Occurrence of Fusarium Toxins 18
3.3 Clinical Manifestations 19
3.4 Clinical Effects of FusariumToxins 19
3.5 Fumonisins 20
3.6 Horses 20
3.7 Diagnosis of Fusariosis 21
CHAPTER FOUR: Prognosis and Treatment of Fusariosis 24
4.1 Prognosis of Fusariosis 24
4.2 Treatment of Fusariosis 24
4.2.1 Localized Infection 25
4.2.2 Invasive and Disseminated Infection. 25
4.2.3 Voriconazole Treatment 28
4.3 Prevention of Fusarium Infection 28
Reference 30
Abstract
Fusarium is a genus of filamentous fungi that contains many agronomically important plant pathogens, mycotoxin producers, and opportunistic human pathogens. Fusarium is a cosmopolitan genus of filamentous Ascomycete fungi (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) that includes many toxin-producing plant pathogens of agricultural importance. Collectively, Fusarium diseases include wilts, blights, rots, and cankers of many horticultural, field, ornamental, and forest crops in both agricultural and natural ecosystems. Fusarium also produce a diverse array of toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins), such as trichothecenes and fumonisins that can contaminate agricultural products, making them unsuitable for food or feed. Trichothecenes can also act as virulence factors in plant diseases . Although opportunistic Fusarium infections (fusarioses) of humans and other animals are relatively rare, they typically show broad resistance to antifungal drugs.
In humans, Fusarium species cause a broad spectrum of infections, including superficial (such as keratitis and onychomycosis), locally invasive, or disseminated infections, with the last occurring almost exclusively in severely immunocompromised patients. Fusarium species may also cause allergic diseases (sinusitis) in immunocompetent individuals and mycotoxicosis in humans and animals following ingestion of food contaminated by toxin-producing Fusarium spp..
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