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ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROFILE OF BACTERIA ISOLATES FROM DIFFERENT WASTEWATER SOURCES
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Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Study 3
1.2.1 Aim 3
1.2.2 Objectives of the Study 4
1.3 Significance of the Study 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Antibiotic 5
2.2 Antibiotic Resistance 7
2.3 Drivers of Antibiotic Resistance 9
2.3.1 Human Misuse of Antibiotic 9
2.3.2 Drug dispensers and drug quality 11
2.3.3 Health professionals 12
2.4 Spread of Antibiotic Resistance 14
2.5 Environmental Impact 18
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 21
3.1 Study Area 21
3.2 Sample Collection 21
3.3 Sterilization of Glassware 21
3.4 Isolation of Bacteria Isolates 22
3.5 Determination of Bacterial Load 22
3.5.1 Total Viable Count 22
3.5.2 Total coliform plate count 23
3.6 Colonial Characterization of Bacteria Isolates 23
3.6.1 Gram staining 23
3.7 Biochemical Tests 24
3.7.1 Indole production test 24
3.7.2 Coagulase test 24
3.7.3 Catalase test 24
3.7.4 Oxidase test 25
3.7.5 Citrate utilization test 25
3.8 Antimicrobial Resistance Testing 25
3.9 Determination of Multiple Antibiotic Resistances 26
CHAPTER FOUR 27
4.0 Results 27
4.1 Total Coliform Count 27
4.2 Total Viable Count 27
4.3 Colonial Morphology of the Isolates 27
4.4 Biochemical Characterization of Isolates 27
4.5 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing 34
CHAPTER FIVE 38
5.0 Discussion 38
5.1 Conclusion 39
5.2 Recommendation 40
References 41
TABLE TITLE PAGES
4.1 Total coliform count of collected wastewater samples 28
4.2 Total viable counts of collected wastewater samples 29
4.3 Colonial morphology of isolates 30
4.4a Biochemical characteristics of isolates 32
4.4b Biochemical characteristic of isolates 33
4.5a Antibiotics sensitivity test result of the isolates 35
4.5b Antibiotics sensitivity test result of the isolates 36
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGES
1 Resistance profile of bacteria isolates 37
Abstract
In Nigeria, wastewaters are mostly indiscriminately disposed into the environment without any form of treatment which may have public health impact. A total of twenty-two (22) wastewaters samples were collected from domestic and health care sources. Isolation was done on selective agar plates according to standard procedures. The microbial load (Total heterotrophic and Total Coliform counts) of the wastewater samples was investigated on nutrient agar and MacConkey agar respectively by pour plate method. The coliform count ranged from 10 x 103 to 26 x 104 cfu/ml and total viable count viable count ranged from 14 x 103 to 51 x 104 cfu/ml. Antibiotics resistance profile of isolated organisms was investigated by disc diffusion method using ofloxacin, streptomycin, oxacillin, ampicillin, vancomycin and neomycin. All isolates in this study were resistant to oxacillin followed by ampicillin (92%), vancomycin (64%), streptomycin (50%), and neomycin (14%). Ninety four percent (94%) of the total isolates were sensitive to ofloxacin. Wastewater are potential reserviors of resistance bacteria with possible risk to public health. Monitoring agencies in the municipal as well as health care facilities should ensure adequate treatment of wastewaters to prevent public health risks such as dissemination of antibiotics resistance genes and possible spread of diseases.
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