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DETECTION AND ENUMERATION OF COLIFORM BACTERIA IN DRINKING WATER AT SOME PRIVATE HOSPITALS IN ORU, IJEBU-LAND

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Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE: Introduction                                                                                              1

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.2       Justification of the Study                                                                                           4

1.3       Aim of the Study                                                                                                        5

1.4       Objectives of the Study                                                                                              5

CHAPTER TWO                                                                                                                    6

2.1       Literature Review                                                                                                       6

2.2       Drinking Water Quality                                                                                              9

2.3       Water Borne Pathogens and Diseases                                                                        11

2.4       Indicator Organisms of Drinking Water                                                                     13

2.4.1    Coliform Bacteria                                                                                                       15

2.4.2    Thermotolerant Coliform Bacteria                                                                              18

2.4.2.1 Escherichia coli                                                                                                           19

2.4.2.2 Faecal Streptococci and Enterococci                                                                          19

2.4.2.3 Clostridium perfringens                                                                                              21

2.5       Reservoirs and Transmission Routes of Waterborne Diseases in Healthcare 22

2.5.1    Sinks                                                                                                                           24

2.5.2    Showers                                                                                                                      24

2.5.3    Bathing and Tub Immersion                                                                                       25

2.5.4    Electronic Faucets                                                                                                       25

2.5.5    Decorative Water Wall Fountains                                                                               26

2.5.6    Heater-Cooler Units                                                                                                    27

2.6       Control of Water Contamination in Healthcare Facilities                                          28

CHAPTER THREE                                                                                                                30

3.1       Study Area                                                                                                                  30

3.2       Collection of Water Samples                                                                                      30

3.3       Materials and Methods                                                                                               31

3.4       Sterilization of Glassware                                                                                           32

3.5       Preparation of Media                                                                                                  32

3.6       Physical and Chemical Analysis                                                                                 32

3.7       Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC)                                                                              34

3.8       Enumeration of Bacteria                                                                                             34

3.9       Cultural and Biochemical Characteristics                                                                   35

3.9.1    Culture Techniques                                                                                                     35

3.9.1.1 Gram Staining                                                                                                             36

3.9.2    Biochemical Tests                                                                                                       37

3.9.1.1 Methyl Red Test                                                                                                         37

3.9.2.2 Voges Proskeur Test                                                                                                   37

3.9.2.3 Indole Production Test                                                                                               38

3.9.2.4 Urease Test                                                                                                                 38

3.9.2.5 Citrate Utilisation Test                                                                                                38

3.10     Antibiotic Susceptibility Test                                                                                     39

CHAPTER FOUR: Results                                                                                                    40

CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations                                      50

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   50

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  53

5.3       Recommendations                                                                                                      53

References                                                                                                                              54



 

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE          TITLE                                                                                                PAGES

4.1       Physiochemical Analysis of Drinking Water Samples of Private Hospitals 

Understudy                                                                                                                 41

4.2       Microbial Counts of Isolates from Drinking Water Samples of Private Hospitals 

Understudy                                                                                                                 42

4.3       Morphological Characteristics of Coliform Bacteria Isolated from Drinking Water 

of Private Hospitals Understudy                                                                                43

4.4       Biochemical Characteristics of Coliform Bacteria Recovered from Drinking Water 

of Private Hospitals Understudy                                                                                45

4.5 Zone of Inhibition of Coliform Bacteria Recovered from Drinking Water of Private 

Hospital                                                                                                                       47

Abstract

Contamination of drinking water with coliform bacteria is responsible for the occurrence of waterborne diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentry, cholera, meningitis and diarrhea. The aim of this study was to detect and enumerate coliform bacteria in drinking water at some private hospital in Oru, Ogun State, Nigeria. A total number of twenty (24) drinking water samples were collected from six different hospitals in Oru-Ijebu, Ogun State. To detect the coliform bacteria in water, lactose broth medium was used. Nutrient agar was used to culture bacterial cells, Eosin methylene blue agar was used for isolation, enumeration and differentiation of enterobacteriaceae while lactose broth medium was used to detect coliform bacteria. The physiochemical parameters of the drinking water sample shows that the pH of the drinking water ranged from 6.3 – 7.8, temperature ranged from 21oC – 28oC. All the drinking water samples collected were colourless, tasteless and non-turbid. The total coliform count of drinking water ranged from 104 cfu/ml to 935 cfu/ml. The total feacal count ranged from 115 cfu/ml to 875 cfu/ml. A total number of twenty-two coliform bacteria belonging to three genera namely Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella pneumonae were identified. Klebsiella pneumonae has the highest percentage occurrence with 10 (45%), followed by Escherichia coli 7 (32%) and Enterobacter spp. 5 (23%). In this study, 100% of the bacteria isolates were susceptible to Gentamycin and Amoxicillin, 68% of the bacteria isolates were susceptible to Erythromycin, 55% of the bacteria isolates were susceptible to Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacin while the least susceptible antibiotic were Gentamycin and Streptomycin. These results clearly showed that the quality of the water consumed in hospital understudy is critical in controlling infectious diseases and other health problems. It is suggested that interventions aimed at providing drinking water for hospitals in the developing world should be balanced with efforts that promote the required hygiene behavioral change.

Keyword:  Coliform Bacteria, Hospital Drinking Water, Antibiotics 

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