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INVESTIGATION ON THE INACTIVATION OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASES USING OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM (SCENT LEAF)

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Table of contents

 

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                                     1 

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                                1 

1.2       Aim and Objective of the Study                                                                                 3 

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review                                                                                    4 

2.1       ESBL definition and classification                                                                            4 

2.1.1    SHV type                                                                                                                    5 

2.1.2    TEM type                                                                                                                    5 

2.1.3    CTX type                                                                                                                    6 

2.1.4    OXA type                                                                                                                   8 

2.1.5    PER type                                                                                                                     9 

2.1.6    GES type                                                                                                                     10 

2.1.7    VEB-1, BES-1, and other ESBL type                                                                        10 

2.2       Ocimum gratissimum                                                                                                  10 

2.2.1    Traditional Uses                                                                                                          11 

2.2.3    Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity                                                                      12 

CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods                                                                         16 

3.1       Study Area                                                                                                                  16 

3.2       Test Samples and Method of Collection                                                                    16 

3.3       Collection and identification of the plant materials                                                   16 

3.4       Extraction of active components from plant materials                                               17 

3.5       Examination of Isolates for Multi-antibiotic resistance and ESβL-  

production                                                                                                                   17 

3.6       Effects of plant extracts on extended spectrum β-lactamase producing 

bacteria                                                                                                                       18 

3.7       Dilution of plant materials                                                                                          19 

3.8       Test isolates                                                                                                                19 

3.9       Antibacterial susceptibility testing of the plant extracts                                            19 

CHAPTER FOUR: Results                                                                                                    21 

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                                                    29 

5.1       Discussion of Findings                                                                                               29 

5.2       Conclusion and Recommendations                                                                            31 

References                                                                                                                              33 



 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table              Title                                                                                                    Page 

1          Morphology and characterization of test organisms                                      23 

2          Biochemical reaction of the test organisms                                                    24 

3          Inhibitory zones of the test organisms on extract at different concentration  25 

4          Minimum Inhibitory Concentration                                                               26 

5          Minimum Bactericidal Concentration                                                                        27 

6          Correlation between the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration                                                                             28 

Abstract

 

There is a renewed interest today in seeking new sources of drugs and medicine from plants, and modern chemical screening techniques that encourage rapid surveys of potentially valuable species. The present work was carried out on investigation on the inactivation of ESBL by scent leave. A total number of 10 organisms collected from Nigerian Institute of Medical Research were used in this study; these were Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella oxytoca. Klebsiella oxytoca had the highest zone of inhibition 29mm at 100mg/ml, followed by Salmonella spp. at 25mm at 100mg/ml, Pseudomnas spp. 24mm at 100mg/ml, Serratia marcescens 23 at 100mg/ml. All the organisms had various zone of inhibition at 50mg/ml, 25mg/ml. However, Salmonella spp., Serratia marcescens and Salmonella typhi had no zone of inhibition 12.5mg/ml while only Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas typhi had zone of inhibition at 6.2mg/ml). Escherichia coli had the highest minimum inhibitory concentration at 100mg, followed by Salmonella spp. at 12.5mg/ml, Klebsiella pnuemoniae at 12.5mg/ml, Klebsiella oxytoca at 12.5mg/ml, Proteus mirabilis at 12.5mg/ml, Proteus mirabilis at 12.5mg/ml, Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 12.5mg/ml, Salmonella typhi at 6.20mg/ml and Pseudomonas spp. at 6.25mg/ml. Sarratia marcescens had the least minimum inhibitory concentration at 3.13mg/ml. The results of the present study suggest that O. gratissimum extracts possess compounds with potent antimicrobial properties against ESBL producing organisms. Therefore, plants could be sources of compounds, which might be useful in manag­ing beta-lactam resistant bacteria 

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