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PREVALENCE AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROFILE OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES
Categories
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 4
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study 5
1.3.1 General Objective 5
1.3.2 Objectives of the Study 5
1.4 Significance of the Study 5
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review 7
2.1 Bacteriuria and Urinary Tract Infection 7
2.2 Understanding Asymptomatic Bacteriuria 7
2.3 Microbial Metabolism and Growth Fitness in Urine 9
2.4 Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Causal Microorganisms in Distinct Patient Populations 12
2.5 Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Students 13
CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods 18
3.1 Study Site 18
3.2 Information about the Subject 18
3.3 Study Population 18
3.4 Collection of Samples 19
3.4.1 Collection of Urine Samples 19
3.4.2 Collection of Toilet Swab Samples 19
3.5 Preparation of Culture Media 19
3.6 Culture and Sub-Culturing 20
3.7 Gram Staining 20
3.8 Biochemical Test 21
3.8.1 Catalase Test 21
3.8.2 Citrate Utilization Test 21
3.8.3 Coagulase Test 22
3.8.4 Indole Production Test 22
3.8.5 Oxidase Test 22
3.8.6 Urease Test 23
3.9 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing 23
CHAPTER FOUR: Results 25
CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations 43
5.1 Discussion 43
5.2 Conclusion and Recommendations 46
References 47
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGES
4.1 Morphological Characteristics of Isolates Recovered from Urine
Samples and their Gram Staining Reaction 26
4.2 Morphological Characteristics of Isolates Recovered From
Toilet Seat Samples and their Gram Staining Reaction 28
4.3 Biochemical Characterization of the Bacteria Species Isolated 30
4.4 Occurrence of Bacteria Recovered from Urine 32
4.5 Occurrence of Bacteria Recovered from Toilet Seats based on faculties 33
4.6 Percentage occurrence of organisms isolated Urine samples 36
4.7 Percentage occurrence of organisms isolated Toilet Swab Samples 38
4.8 Antibiotic Susceptibility Test of Bacterial Isolates from Urine Sample (mm) 40
4.9 Antibiotic Susceptibility Test of bacteria isolates from Toilet Swab (mm) 42
Abstract
Undergraduate groups are a special group of individuals who indulge in some risk behavior that could predispose them to urinary tract infections with possible mixed flora. This study investigated the presence of bacteria in the urine of some students of Olabisi Onabanjo University and also from the toilet seats within the lecture hall vicinity. A survey of 150 early morning urine samples were taken randomly from volunteered students between the age of 16-30 years. Also, 50 toilets seat samples were taken randomly from each faculties in Olabisi Onabanjo University. A total 200 bacteria belonging to six genera were identified. The isolated organisms include; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae. 50 organisms were isolated from male whereas 100 were from female. Also, 40 organisms were isolated among age group of 16-20, 85 organisms (21-25 years) and 25 organisms (26-30 years). 19 organisms were isolated from faculty of science, 6 (faculty of law), 6 (faculty of arts), 4 (faculty of social sciences) and 15 (faculty of management science). Among the bacteria isolated from urine sample, Escherichia coli had the highest percentage occurrence with (n=60, 40%), followed by Klebsiella pneumonae (n=30, 20%), Proteus spp. (n=25, 16.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (n=20, 13.3%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=15, 10%). Also Escherichia coli had the highest percentage occurrence in the toilet seat sample with (n=20, 40%), followed by Salmonella spp. (n=30, 10%) and Staphylococcus aureus (n=15, 30%). However, all the isolates recovered from urine and toilet seat sample were susceptible to Impenem, Ofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Gentamycin and Tigecycline while they were resistance to Vancomycin except Staphylococcus aureus from faculty social science male toilet and Salmonella from faculty of management science female toilet. It is concluded that there is higher prevalence of bacteria in urine of students and toilet seat of Olabisi Onabanjo University. Further studies should be undertaken to determine the risk factors these bacteria among students.
Keywords: Urine, Toilet Seat, Antibiotic Susceptibility, Student, Bacterial.
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