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PREVALENCE AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROFILE OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES

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Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                                    1

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.2       Statement of the Problem                                                                                           4

1.3       Aim and Objectives of the Study                                                                               5

1.3.1    General Objective                                                                                                       5

1.3.2    Objectives of the Study                                                                                              5

1.4       Significance of the Study                                                                                           5

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review                                                                                     7

2.1       Bacteriuria and Urinary Tract Infection                                                                     7

2.2       Understanding Asymptomatic Bacteriuria                                                                 7

2.3       Microbial Metabolism and Growth Fitness in Urine                                                  9

2.4       Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Causal Microorganisms in Distinct           Patient Populations                                                                                                            12

2.5       Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Students                                        13

CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods                                                                         18

3.1       Study Site                                                                                                                   18

3.2       Information about the Subject                                                                                                18

3.3       Study Population                                                                                                        18

3.4       Collection of Samples                                                                                                 19

3.4.1    Collection of Urine Samples                                                                                       19

3.4.2    Collection of Toilet Swab Samples                                                                             19

3.5       Preparation of Culture Media                                                                                     19

3.6       Culture and Sub-Culturing                                                                                         20

3.7       Gram Staining                                                                                                             20

3.8       Biochemical Test                                                                                                         21

3.8.1    Catalase Test                                                                                                               21

3.8.2    Citrate Utilization Test                                                                                               21

3.8.3    Coagulase Test                                                                                                            22

3.8.4    Indole Production Test                                                                                               22

3.8.5    Oxidase Test                                                                                                               22

3.8.6    Urease Test                                                                                                                 23

3.9       Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing                                                                                23

CHAPTER FOUR: Results                                                                                                    25

CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations                                      43

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   43

5.2       Conclusion and Recommendations                                                                            46

References                                                                                                                              47

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE          TITLE                                                                                                PAGES

4.1       Morphological Characteristics of Isolates Recovered from Urine 

Samples and their Gram Staining Reaction                                                                26

4.2       Morphological Characteristics of Isolates Recovered From 

Toilet Seat Samples and their Gram Staining Reaction                                              28

4.3       Biochemical Characterization of the Bacteria Species Isolated                                                30

4.4       Occurrence of Bacteria Recovered from Urine                                                          32

4.5       Occurrence of Bacteria Recovered from Toilet Seats based on faculties                   33

4.6       Percentage occurrence of organisms isolated Urine samples                                      36

4.7       Percentage occurrence of organisms isolated Toilet Swab Samples                           38

4.8       Antibiotic Susceptibility Test of Bacterial Isolates from Urine Sample (mm)           40

4.9       Antibiotic Susceptibility Test of bacteria isolates from Toilet Swab (mm)                42

Abstract

Undergraduate groups are a special group of individuals who indulge in some risk behavior that could predispose them to urinary tract infections with possible mixed flora. This study investigated the presence of bacteria in the urine of some students of Olabisi Onabanjo University and also from the toilet seats within the lecture hall vicinity. A survey of 150 early morning urine samples were taken randomly from volunteered students between the age of 16-30 years. Also, 50 toilets seat samples were taken randomly from each faculties in Olabisi Onabanjo University. A total 200 bacteria belonging to six genera were identified. The isolated organisms include; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae. 50 organisms were isolated from male whereas 100 were from female. Also, 40 organisms were isolated among age group of 16-20, 85 organisms (21-25 years) and 25 organisms (26-30 years). 19 organisms were isolated from faculty of science, 6 (faculty of law), 6 (faculty of arts), 4 (faculty of social sciences) and 15 (faculty of management science). Among the bacteria isolated from urine sample, Escherichia coli had the highest percentage occurrence with (n=60, 40%), followed by Klebsiella pneumonae (n=30, 20%), Proteus spp. (n=25, 16.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (n=20, 13.3%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=15, 10%). Also Escherichia coli had the highest percentage occurrence in the toilet seat sample with (n=20, 40%), followed by Salmonella spp. (n=30, 10%) and Staphylococcus aureus (n=15, 30%). However, all the isolates recovered from urine and toilet seat sample were susceptible to Impenem, Ofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Gentamycin and Tigecycline while they were resistance to Vancomycin except Staphylococcus aureus from faculty social science male toilet and Salmonella from faculty of management science female toilet. It is concluded that there is higher prevalence of bacteria in urine of students and toilet seat of Olabisi Onabanjo University. Further studies should be undertaken to determine the risk factors these bacteria among students.

Keywords: Urine, Toilet Seat, Antibiotic Susceptibility, Student, Bacterial.

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