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SCREENING FOR MICROORGANISMS WITH ANTAGONISTIC PROPERTIES FROM OCEAN DEBRIS
Categories
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 Background to the Study 1
1.1 Statement of the Problem 2
1.2 Justification of the Study 2
1.3 Aim of the Study 3
1.4 Specific Objectives of the Study 3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Overview of Marine Organisms 4
2.2 Marine Microorganisms Diversity 5
2.3 Marine Bacteria 6
2.4 Occurrence of Bioactive Compounds in Marine Sources 8
2.5 Antagonistic Interactions and Applications for Controlling Pathogens
in Marine Environment 9
2.5.1 Protozoan Grazing on Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses 9
2.5.2 Bacterial Release of Toxins and Proteolytic Substances 10
2.6 Potential of Marine Microorganisms as Antagonistic Properties 12
2.6.1 Marine microorganisms as antimicrobial and antiviral source 13
2.6.2 Marine microorganisms as biosurfactant and bioremediation 14
2.6.3 Marine microorganisms as enzyme producer 15
2.6.4 Marine microorganisms as Lipase producer 16
2.6.5 Marine microorganisms as Chitinase producer 17
2.6.6 Marine microorganisms as Protease producer 18
2.6.7 Marine microorganisms as Esterase producer 18
2.6.8 Marine microorganisms as Agarase producer 19
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 20
3.1 Collection of Soil samples 20
3.2 Materials and Apparatus Used 20
3.3 Media Used 20
3.4 Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Marine Bacteria 21
3.4.1 Morphological Characteristics 21
3.4.2 Biochemical Characteristics 22
3.4.2.1 Gram Staining Reaction 22
3.4.2.2 Catalase Test 22
3.4.2.3 Oxidase Test 23
3.4.2.4 Indole Test 23
3.4.2.5 Urease Test 23
3.5 Fungi Identification 23
3.6 Antagonistic Activity 24
3.6.1 Using Mcfarland Standard 24
3.6.2 Agar plug diffusion assay 24
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 25
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 39
5.1 Discussion 39
5.2 Conclusion 40
5.3 Recommendations 41
References 42
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGES
4.1 Physio-chemical Parameters of Soil Samples 28
4.2 Physio-chemical Parameters of Water Samples 29
4.3 Microbial Count of Soil Sample (cfu/g) 30
4.4 Microbial Count of Water Sample (cfu/ml) 31
4.5 Morphology and Biochemical Tests of Bacteria Isolated from Soil Sample 32
4.6 Cultural Morphology and Microscopic Observation of Fungi 33
4.7 Total Occurrence of Fungi isolates in Water Sample 34
4.8 Percentage Occurrence of the Isolated Fungi in Water 35
4.9 Inhibitory Zone of isolated bacteria against tested bacteria (mm) 36
4.10 Inhibitory Zone of isolated fungi against tested bacteria 37
4.11 Antibiotics Sensitivity Test of the Tested Organisms 38
Abstract
The search for antibiotic compounds from the natural environment has been going on for seven decades, ever since penicillin entered the market and antibiotic treatments became routine. The study screened microorganism with antagonistic properties from marine samples. Sediment samples (ocean debris) were collected from Eko Beach Ocean at different locations through the assistance of the Nigerian Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR), Victoria Island Lagos State. The water temperature for all the samples was 29oC. The air temperature ranges from 25oC-26oC. The air temperature ranges from 25oC-26oC. Total plate count of the soil sample was observed on Nutrient Agar and SCA. On Nutrient Agar, the plate count ranges from 0.7 x 107cfu/g to 2.2 x 109CFu/g. For the water sample, the plate count ranges from 0.2 x 105CFU/ml to 1.0 x 107CFU/ml. The isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus sp., Diplobacillus sp., Streptobacillus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. The isolated fungi with their percentage Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum and Mucor sp. Cladosporium herbarum had the highest occurrence with 45.45%, followed by Alternaria alternata with 36.36% and Mucor sp. with 18.18%. The antagonistic test of the bacteria isolates showed Staphylococcus sp. inhibited Stretobacillus spp., Diplobacillus sp. inhibit Streptobacillus spp. Streptobacillus sp. inhibit Diplobacillus sp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus sp. Inhibit Streptococcus spp. and Diplobacillus sp. Bacillus sp. inhibit Staphylococci spp. It is therefore recommended that marine organisms are reservoir of antagonistic bacterial flora which are potential source of bioactive metabolites and can be used in medicine and as biocontrol agent as well
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