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SCREENING FOR MICROORGANISMS WITH ANTAGONISTIC PROPERTIES FROM OCEAN DEBRIS

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Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION                                                                                1

1.0       Background to the Study                                                                                           1

1.1       Statement of the Problem                                                                                           2

1.2       Justification of the Study                                                                                           2

1.3       Aim of the Study                                                                                                        3

1.4       Specific Objectives of the Study                                                                                3

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                  4

2.1       Overview of Marine Organisms                                                                                  4

2.2       Marine Microorganisms Diversity                                                                               5

2.3       Marine Bacteria                                                                                                           6

2.4       Occurrence of Bioactive Compounds in Marine Sources                                           8

2.5       Antagonistic Interactions and Applications for Controlling Pathogens 

in Marine Environment                                                                                               9

2.5.1    Protozoan Grazing on Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses                                            9

2.5.2    Bacterial Release of Toxins and Proteolytic Substances                                            10

2.6       Potential of Marine Microorganisms as Antagonistic Properties                                12

2.6.1    Marine microorganisms as antimicrobial and antiviral source                         13

2.6.2    Marine microorganisms as biosurfactant and bioremediation                         14

2.6.3    Marine microorganisms as enzyme producer                                                              15

2.6.4    Marine microorganisms as Lipase producer                                                                16

2.6.5    Marine microorganisms as Chitinase producer                                                           17

2.6.6    Marine microorganisms as Protease producer                                                 18

2.6.7    Marine microorganisms as Esterase producer                                                 18

2.6.8    Marine microorganisms as Agarase producer                                                             19

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                  20

3.1       Collection of Soil samples                                                                                          20

3.2       Materials and Apparatus Used                                                                                   20

3.3       Media Used                                                                                                                20

3.4       Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Marine Bacteria                       21

3.4.1    Morphological Characteristics                                                                        21

3.4.2    Biochemical Characteristics                                                                                        22

3.4.2.1 Gram Staining Reaction                                                                                              22

3.4.2.2 Catalase Test                                                                                                               22

3.4.2.3 Oxidase Test                                                                                                               23

3.4.2.4 Indole  Test                                                                                                                 23

3.4.2.5 Urease Test                                                                                                                 23

3.5       Fungi Identification                                                                                                    23

3.6       Antagonistic Activity                                                                                                 24

3.6.1    Using Mcfarland Standard                                                                                         24

3.6.2    Agar plug diffusion assay                                                                                           24

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS                                                                                           25

 

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS  39

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   39

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  40

5.3       Recommendations                                                                                                      41

References                                                                                                                              42

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE          TITLE                                                                                                PAGES

4.1       Physio-chemical Parameters of Soil Samples                                                              28

4.2       Physio-chemical Parameters of Water Samples                                                          29

4.3       Microbial Count of Soil Sample (cfu/g)                                                                      30

4.4       Microbial Count of Water Sample (cfu/ml)                                                                31

4.5       Morphology and Biochemical Tests of Bacteria Isolated from Soil Sample              32

4.6       Cultural Morphology and Microscopic Observation of Fungi                                    33

4.7       Total Occurrence of Fungi isolates in Water Sample                                                  34

4.8       Percentage Occurrence of the Isolated Fungi in Water                                              35

4.9       Inhibitory Zone of isolated bacteria against tested bacteria (mm)                             36

4.10     Inhibitory Zone of isolated fungi against tested bacteria                                           37

4.11     Antibiotics Sensitivity Test of the Tested Organisms                                                38

Abstract

The search for antibiotic compounds from the natural environment has been going on for seven decades, ever since penicillin entered the market and antibiotic treatments became routine. The study screened microorganism with antagonistic properties from marine samples. Sediment samples (ocean debris) were collected from Eko Beach Ocean at different locations through the assistance of the Nigerian Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR), Victoria Island Lagos State. The water temperature for all the samples was 29oC. The air temperature ranges from 25oC-26oC. The air temperature ranges from 25oC-26oC. Total plate count of the soil sample was observed on Nutrient Agar and SCA. On Nutrient Agar, the plate count ranges from 0.7 x 107cfu/g to 2.2 x 109CFu/g. For the water sample, the plate count ranges from 0.2 x 105CFU/ml to 1.0 x 107CFU/ml. The isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus sp., Diplobacillus sp., Streptobacillus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. The isolated fungi with their percentage Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum and Mucor sp. Cladosporium herbarum had the highest occurrence with 45.45%, followed by Alternaria alternata with 36.36% and Mucor sp. with 18.18%. The antagonistic test of the bacteria isolates showed Staphylococcus sp. inhibited Stretobacillus spp., Diplobacillus sp. inhibit Streptobacillus spp. Streptobacillus sp. inhibit Diplobacillus sp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus sp. Inhibit Streptococcus spp. and Diplobacillus sp. Bacillus sp. inhibit Staphylococci spp. It is therefore recommended that marine organisms are reservoir of antagonistic bacterial flora which are potential source of bioactive metabolites and can be used in medicine and as biocontrol agent as well

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