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ANTIBIOGRAM OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM FERMENTED DRINKS

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Table of contents

Table of contents                                                                                                        vi         CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                         1

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                    1

1.2       Objective of the Study                                                                                    3

1.2.1    General Objective                                                                                           3

1.2.2    Specific Objective                                                                                          3

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review                                                                        4

2.1       Fermentation                                                                                                   4

2.2       Spoilage microbes in Fermented drinks                                                         8

2.3       Bacteria and Fermented drink spoilage                                                          9

2.4       Microbiological Health Risks Associated with Beverages                            14

2.5       Pathogenic Bacteria                                                                                        15

CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Method                                                              18

3.1      Collection of Samples                                                                      18

3.2      Instrument and Glassware                                                                18

3.3      Sterilization and Aseptic Techniques                                                18

3.4      Media Used                                                                               19

3.5      Microbial Evaluation                                                                        19

3.5.1   Sample Preparation                                                                          19

3.5.2   Total Coliform Count                                                                       20

3.5.3   Total Aerobic Plate Counts                                                               20

3.5.4   Isolation and Purification of Bacteria                                                20

3.6      Identification of Bacteria Isolates                                                      21

3.6.1   Morphological Characteristics                                                          21

3.6.2   Microscopic Examination                                                                 21

3.6.2.1 Motility Tests                                                                                 21

3.6.2.2 Grams Staining Reaction                                                                 22

3.6.3   Biochemical Tests                                                                            23

3.6.3.1 Catalase Test                                                                                   23

3.6.3.2 Citrate Utilization Test                                                                    23

3.6.3.3 Indole Production Test                                                                    24

3.6.3.4 Oxidase Test                                                                                   24

3.6.3.5 Coagulase Test                                                                                25

3.6.3.6 Triple Sugar Iron Test                                                                     25

3.6.3.7 Sugar Fermentation Test                                                       26

3.7      Antibiotic Sensitivity Test                                                                26

CHAPTER FOUR: Result                                                                                          28

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                                        34

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                       34

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                      36

5.3       Recommendations                                                                                          37

REFERENCES                                                                                                           38

 LIST OF TABLES

Table  Title                                                                                                                Page

4.1       Total Viable Bacterial Count and Total Coliform Count in Fermented Drink Samples                                                                                                30

4.2       Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Isolates Recovered from  Fermented Drink Samples                                                                              31

4.3       Incidence and Occurrence of Bacteria in Fermented Drink Samples   32

4.4       Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates (% susceptibility) 33

Abstract

            This study investigated the antibiogram of bacteria isolated from fermented drinks.

            A total of twenty (20) samples of four (4) different fermented drinks (Kunnu, Zobo, Soya milk and Palm wine) were purchased for the study. The fermented drinks were obtained and transferred to Olabisi Onabanjo University for standard microbial analysis. Nutrient Agar was used for total viable bacterial count, MacConkey Agar for total coliform count, Eosin Methylene Blue agar for isolation of Escherichia coli and Mannitol Salt Agar for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. The isolated organisms were tested against six antibiotics: Gentamicin, Amoxicillin, Rifampicin, Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin and Ciprofloxacin.

            Twenty-five (22) isolates belonging to 7 genera were isolated from zobo, palm wine, kunnu and soya milk sample. The isolates were Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp. and Bacillus spp. The total viable bacterial count on the zobo, kunnu, palm wine and soya milk sample ranged between 1.0 x 104 – 7.0 x 104 cfu/g, 1.0 x 104 – 6.0 x 106cfu/g, 1.0 x 104 – 9.0 x 104 and 1.0 x 104 – 4.0 x 104 respectively while the total coliform bacterial counts on zobo, plam wine, kunnu and soya milk sample ranged between 2.0 x 103 – 3.0 x 103, 1.0 x 103 – 3.0 x 103, 1.0 x 103, 1.0 x 103 and 1.0 x 103 – 3.0 x103 respectively. E. coli and Streptococcus spp. were 100% susceptible to Amoxicillin, Streptococcus and Shigella were 100% susceptible to Gentamycin. All isolates were resistance to Streptomycin except Bacillus spp.

            This study revealed that potential pathogenic bacteria could be present in fermented drinks and these bacteria showed relative resistance to a number of conventional antibiotics. The study therefore recommends that relevant agencies in Nigeria such as Consumer protection Rights, NAFDAC and SON need to enlighten fermented drink producers on proper way of cultivating hygienic handling and preservation of drinks.

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